Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Chochepetsa:
Chochepetsera chitoliro chachitsulo chimagwira ntchito ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la mapaipi, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha kosasokonekera kuchokera ku kukula kwakukulu kupita ku kukula kochepa motsatira zomwe zili mkati mwake.
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya zochepetsera: zozungulira ndi zosazungulira. Zochepetsera zozungulira zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwa kukula kwa chitoliro chofanana, kuonetsetsa kuti mizere yapakati pa chitoliro yolumikizidwa ikugwirizana. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi koyenera pamene kusunga kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mapaipi ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zochepetsera zozungulira zimayambitsa kusiyana pakati pa mizere yapakati pa chitoliro, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mapaipi kumafunika kufanana pakati pa mapaipi apamwamba ndi otsika.
Chochepetsa Chapadera
Chochepetsa Chozungulira
Zochepetsera mpweya zimathandiza kusintha makonzedwe a mapaipi, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha bwino pakati pa mapaipi a kukula kosiyanasiyana. Kukonza kumeneku kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a dongosolo lonse.
Chigongono:
Chigongono cha payipi yachitsulo chili ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'machitidwe a mapaipi, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mapaipi okhala ndi mainchesi ofanana kapena osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kayendedwe ka madzi kayende bwino m'njira zomwe mukufuna.
Zigongono zimagawidwa m'magulu kutengera kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa madzi komwe kumabwera m'mapaipi. Ma ngodya omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri amakhala madigiri 45, madigiri 90, ndi madigiri 180. Pa ntchito zapadera, ma ngodya monga madigiri 60 ndi madigiri 120 amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zigongono zimagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana kutengera kutalika kwawo poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa chitoliro. Chigongono Chachifupi (SR elbow) chili ndi utali wofanana ndi kukula kwa chitoliro, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale choyenera mapaipi othamanga pang'ono, othamanga pang'ono, kapena malo otsekeka pomwe malo otseguka ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, Chigongono Chachitali (LR elbow), chokhala ndi utali wozungulira nthawi 1.5 kuposa kukula kwa chitoliro, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapaipi othamanga kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri.
Zigongono zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi njira zawo zolumikizira mapaipi—Butt Welded Elbow, Socket Welded Elbow, ndi Threaded Elbow. Mitundu iyi imapereka kusinthasintha kutengera mtundu wa cholumikizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ponena za zinthu, zigongono zimapangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo cha kaboni, kapena chitsulo cha alloy, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zofunikira za thupi la valavu.
T-sheti:
Mitundu ya Chitoliro cha Chitsulo:
● Kutengera Ma Dayamita ndi Ntchito za Nthambi:
● T-sheti Yofanana
● Tee Yochepetsa (Tee Yochepetsa)
Kutengera Mitundu Yolumikizira:
● T-sheti Yokulungira Matako
● T-sheti Yokulungira Soketi
● T-sheti Yokhala ndi Ulusi
Kutengera Mitundu ya Zinthu:
● Chitoliro cha Chitsulo cha Carbon
● Chitsulo cha Alloy Steel
● Tiyi yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Kugwiritsa ntchito Chitoliro cha Chitsulo:
● Ma tayi achitsulo ndi zida zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kulumikizana ndikuwongolera kuyenda m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito zina zodziwika bwino ndi izi:
● Magalimoto Otumizira Mafuta ndi Gasi: Ma Tee amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa mapaipi kuti anyamule mafuta ndi gasi.
● Kuyeretsa Mafuta ndi Mafuta: M'malo oyeretsera mafuta, ma tees amathandiza kuyendetsa bwino kayendedwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana panthawi yoyeretsera mafuta.
● Njira Zoyeretsera Madzi: Ma tee amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo oyeretsera madzi kuti azitha kuyendetsa madzi ndi mankhwala.
● Makampani Opanga Mankhwala: Ma Tee amagwira ntchito yokonza mankhwala mwa kutsogolera kayendedwe ka mankhwala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
● Mapaipi Aukhondo: Mu mafakitale azakudya, mankhwala, ndi mafakitale ena, ma paipi a ukhondo amathandiza kusunga ukhondo m'malo oyendera madzi.
● Malo Opangira Magetsi: Ma Tee amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kugawa magetsi.
● Makina ndi Zipangizo: Ma Tee amaphatikizidwa mu makina osiyanasiyana a mafakitale ndi zida zoyendetsera madzi.
● Zosinthira kutentha: Ma tayi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina osinthira kutentha kuti azitha kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka madzi otentha ndi ozizira.
Ma tayi achitsulo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'machitidwe ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi azisinthasintha komanso azilamulira momwe madzi amagawidwira komanso komwe madzi amalowera. Kusankha zinthu ndi mtundu wa tayi kumadalira zinthu monga mtundu wa madzi omwe akunyamulidwa, kuthamanga, kutentha, ndi zofunikira zinazake za ntchitoyo.
Chidule cha Chitoliro cha Chitoliro cha Chitsulo
Chivundikiro cha chitoliro chachitsulo, chomwe chimatchedwanso pulagi yachitsulo, ndi cholumikizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba kumapeto kwa chitoliro. Chingathe kulumikizidwa kumapeto kwa chitoliro kapena kulumikizidwa ku ulusi wakunja wa chitoliro. Zivundikiro za chitoliro chachitsulo zimagwirira ntchito yophimba ndi kuteteza zolumikizira za chitoliro. Zivundikirozi zimabwera m'mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zivundikiro za hemispherical, elliptical, dish, ndi spherical.
Maonekedwe a Zipewa Zozungulira:
● Chipewa cha Hemisphere
● Chipewa cha Elliptical
● Chipewa cha mbale
● Chipewa Chozungulira
Mankhwala Olumikizirana:
Zipewa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula kusintha ndi kulumikizana m'mapaipi. Kusankha njira yolumikizira kumatengera zofunikira za ntchitoyo:
● Kulumikiza Matako Ozungulira
● Kulumikiza kwa Socket Weld
● Kulumikizana Kokhala ndi Ulusi
Mapulogalamu:
Zipewa zomaliza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga mankhwala, zomangamanga, mapepala, simenti, ndi zomangamanga. Ndi zothandiza kwambiri polumikiza mapaipi a mainchesi osiyanasiyana komanso kupereka chotchinga choteteza kumapeto kwa chitoliro.
Mitundu ya Chitoliro cha Chitsulo:
Mitundu Yolumikizira:
● Chipewa Chokulungira Matako
● Chipewa Chokulungira Soketi
● Mitundu ya Zinthu:
● Chitoliro cha Chitoliro cha Kaboni
● Chipewa cha Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri
● Chipewa cha Chitsulo cha Alloy
Chidule cha Pipe ya Chitsulo
Kupindika kwa chitoliro chachitsulo ndi mtundu wa cholumikizira chitoliro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha njira ya chitoliro. Ngakhale kuti chikufanana ndi chigongono cha chitoliro, kupindika kwa chitoliro ndi kwakutali ndipo nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi zofunikira zinazake. Kupindika kwa chitoliro kumabwera m'magawo osiyanasiyana, ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana opindika, kuti kugwirizane ndi ma ngodya osiyanasiyana ozungulira m'mapaipi.
Mitundu Yopindika ndi Kuchita Bwino:
Kupindika kwa 3D: Kupindika komwe kali ndi radius yowirikiza katatu kuposa mainchesi wamba a chitoliro. Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapaipi ataliatali chifukwa cha kupindika kwake kofatsa komanso kusintha kolunjika bwino.
Kupindika kwa 5D: Kupindika kumeneku kuli ndi radius yowirikiza kasanu kuposa mainchesi a chitoliro wamba. Kumapereka kusintha kosalala kwa mbali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera mapaipi otalikirapo pomwe ikupitirizabe kuyenda bwino kwa madzi.
Kulipira Kusintha kwa Degree:
Kupindika kwa 6D ndi 8D: Mapindika awa, okhala ndi ma radii ochulukitsa kasanu ndi kamodzi komanso kasanu ndi katatu kuposa mainchesi a nomineal payipi motsatana, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa kusintha pang'ono kwa njira ya payipi. Amaonetsetsa kuti kusintha pang'onopang'ono popanda kusokoneza kuyenda kwa madzi.
Mapipe opindika achitsulo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mapayipi, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha njira popanda kuyambitsa kugwedezeka kwambiri kapena kukana kuyenda kwa madzi. Kusankha mtundu wa mapipe kumadalira zofunikira za mapaipi, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa njira, malo omwe alipo, komanso kufunika kosunga makhalidwe abwino oyendera.
Mafotokozedwe
| ASME B16.9: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| EN 10253-1: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| JIS B2311: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| DIN 2605: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| GB/T 12459: Chitsulo cha Kaboni, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
Miyeso ya chigongono cha mapaipi yafotokozedwa mu ASME B16.9. Onani tebulo lomwe lili pansipa kuti mudziwe kukula kwa chigongono kuyambira 1/2″ mpaka 48″.
| CHITOLI CHA CHITOLI CHA DZINA | CHIDULE CHA KUNJA | LIKULU LOMALIZA | ||
| Inchi. | OD | A | B | C |
| 1/2 | 21.3 | 38 | 16 | – |
| 3/4 | 26.7 | 38 | 19 | – |
| 1 | 33.4 | 38 | 22 | 25 |
| 1 1/4 | 42.2 | 48 | 25 | 32 |
| 1 1/2 | 48.3 | 57 | 29 | 38 |
| 2 | 60.3 | 76 | 35 | 51 |
| 2 1/2 | 73 | 95 | 44 | 64 |
| 3 | 88.9 | 114 | 51 | 76 |
| 3 1/2 | 101.6 | 133 | 57 | 89 |
| 4 | 114.3 | 152 | 64 | 102 |
| 5 | 141.3 | 190 | 79 | 127 |
| 6 | 168.3 | 229 | 95 | 152 |
| 8 | 219.1 | 305 | 127 | 203 |
| 10 | 273.1 | 381 | 159 | 254 |
| 12 | 323.9 | 457 | 190 | 305 |
| 14 | 355.6 | 533 | 222 | 356 |
| 16 | 406.4 | 610 | 254 | 406 |
| 18 | 457.2 | 686 | 286 | 457 |
| 20 | 508 | 762 | 318 | 508 |
| 22 | 559 | 838 | 343 | 559 |
| 24 | 610 | 914 | 381 | 610 |
| 26 | 660 | 991 | 406 | 660 |
| 28 | 711 | 1067 | 438 | 711 |
| 30 | 762 | 1143 | 470 | 762 |
| 32 | 813 | 1219 | 502 | 813 |
| 34 | 864 | 1295 | 533 | 864 |
| 36 | 914 | 1372 | 565 | 914 |
| 38 | 965 | 1448 | 600 | 965 |
| 40 | 1016 | 1524 | 632 | 1016 |
| 42 | 1067 | 1600 | 660 | 1067 |
| 44 | 1118 | 1676 | 695 | 1118 |
| 46 | 1168 | 1753 | 727 | 1168 |
| 48 | 1219 | 1829 | 759 | 1219 |
| Miyeso yonse ndi mm | ||||
Zolumikizira Mapaipi Miyeso Kulekerera malinga ndi ASME B16.9
| CHITOLI CHA CHITOLI CHA DZINA | ZOPANGIRA ZONSE | ZOPANGIRA ZONSE | ZOPANGIRA ZONSE | Zigongono ndi Ma Tee | 180 DEG RETURN BENDS | 180 DEG RETURN BENDS | 180 DEG RETURN BENDS | OCHEPETSA |
ZIKHALIDWE |
| NPS | OD ku Bevel (1), (2) | Chidziwitso Pamapeto | Kukhuthala kwa Khoma (3) | Gawo la Pakati mpaka Kumapeto A,B,C,M | Kuchokera Pakati mpaka Pakati O | Kubwererana ndi nkhope K | Kugwirizana kwa Mapeto U | Kutalika konse H | Utali Wonse E |
| ½ mpaka 2½ | 0.06 | 0.03 | Osachepera 87.5% ya makulidwe odziwika | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| 3 mpaka 3 ½ | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 4 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 5 mpaka 8 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.25 | |
| 10 mpaka 18 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 20 mpaka 24 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 26 mpaka 30 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.12 | ... | ... | ... | 0.19 | 0.38 | |
| 32 mpaka 48 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.19 | ... | ... | ... | 0.19 | 0.38 |
| CHITOPI CHA DZINA LA NPS | Kulekerera kwa Angularity | Kulekerera kwa Angularity | MILINGO YONSE YAPEREKEDWA MU MA ICHI. KULEKERA NDI KOFANANA KUPHATIKIZA NDI KUPEZA KUPANDA MONGA MMENE TAONETSERA. |
|
| Kupatula Angle Q | Kuchoka Pandege P | (1) Out-of-round ndi chiŵerengero cha ma absolute values a plus ndi minus tolerance. (2) Kulekerera kumeneku sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi zida zopangidwira komwe makulidwe owonjezereka a khoma amafunika kuti akwaniritse zofunikira pa kapangidwe ka ASME B16.9. (3) M'mimba mwake wamkati ndi makulidwe a khoma kumapeto kwake ziyenera kufotokozedwa ndi wogula. (4) Pokhapokha ngati wogula wanena mwanjira ina, zololera izi zimagwira ntchito pa dayamita yamkati ya nomine, yomwe ndi yofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa dayamita yakunja ya nomine ndi makulidwe awiri a khoma la nomine. |
| ½ mpaka 4 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
| 5 mpaka 8 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
| 10 mpaka 12 | 0.09 | 0.19 | |
| 14 mpaka 16 | 0.09 | 0.25 | |
| 18 mpaka 24 | 0.12 | 0.38 | |
| 26 mpaka 30 | 0.19 | 0.38 | |
| 32 mpaka 42 | 0.19 | 0.50 | |
| 44 mpaka 48 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
Standard & Giredi
| ASME B16.9: Zopangira Zowotcherera Matako Zopangidwa ndi Mafakitale | Zipangizo: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| EN 10253-1: Zopangira Mapaipi Olumikizira Matako - Gawo 1: Chitsulo cha Carbon Chopangidwa Kuti Chigwiritsidwe Ntchito Mwambiri komanso Popanda Zofunikira Zowunikira | Zipangizo: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| JIS B2311: Zopangira Mapaipi Othandizira Kuwotcherera Matako ndi Kuwotcherera Matako a Chitsulo Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Mwachizolowezi | Zipangizo: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| DIN 2605: Zopangira Mapaipi Olumikizira Matako a Chitsulo: Zigongono ndi Mapini Opindika Ndi Mphamvu Yochepa Yopanikizika | Zipangizo: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
| GB/T 12459: Zopangira Mapaipi Opanda Msoko Zopangidwa ndi Matako a Chitsulo | Zipangizo: Chitsulo cha Carbon, Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzira, Chitsulo Chosakaniza |
Njira Yopangira
Njira Yopangira Zikho
Njira Yopangira Tiyi
Njira Yopangira Zochepetsa
Njira Yopangira Chigongono
Kuwongolera Ubwino
Kuyang'ana Zinthu Zopangira, Kusanthula Mankhwala, Kuyesa kwa Makina, Kuyang'ana Zooneka, Kuyang'ana Miyeso, Kuyesa Kupindika, Kuyesa Kuphwanyika, Kuyesa Kukhudza, Kuyesa Kukhudza, Kuyesa kwa DWT, Kuyesa Kosawononga, Kuyesa Kulimba, Kuyesa Kupanikizika, Kuyesa Kutuluka kwa Mpando, Kuyesa Kuchita Bwino kwa Mayendedwe, Kuyesa kwa Torque ndi Thrust, Kuyang'anira Kupaka ndi Kuphimba, Kuwunika Zolemba…..
Kugwiritsa Ntchito & Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Kuyang'ana Zinthu Zopangira, Kusanthula Mankhwala, Kuyesa kwa Makina, Kuyang'ana Zooneka, Kuyang'ana Miyeso, Kuyesa Kupindika, Kuyesa Kuphwanyika, Kuyesa Kukhudza, Kuyesa Kukhudza, Kuyesa kwa DWT, Kuyesa Kosawononga, Kuyesa Kulimba, Kuyesa Kupanikizika, Kuyesa Kutuluka kwa Mpando, Kuyesa Kuchita Bwino kwa Mayendedwe, Kuyesa kwa Torque ndi Thrust, Kuyang'anira Kupaka ndi Kuphimba, Kuwunika Zolemba…..
● Kulumikizana
● Kuwongolera Malangizo
● Kulamulira Kuyenda kwa Madzi
● Kulekanitsa Atolankhani
● Kusakaniza Madzi
● Thandizo ndi Kulimbikitsa
● Kulamulira kutentha
● Ukhondo ndi Kusabereka
● Chitetezo
● Kuganizira Zokhudza Kukongola ndi Chilengedwe
Mwachidule, zolumikizira mapaipi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimathandiza kunyamula madzi ndi mpweya bwino, motetezeka, komanso mowongoleredwa m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kosiyanasiyana kumathandizira kudalirika, magwiridwe antchito, komanso chitetezo cha makina ogwiritsira ntchito madzi m'malo ambiri.
Kulongedza ndi Kutumiza
Ku Womic Steel, timamvetsetsa kufunika kokhala ndi ma CD otetezeka komanso kutumiza kodalirika pankhani yopereka ma fittings athu apamwamba kwambiri pakhomo panu. Nayi chidule cha njira zathu zopakira ndi kutumiza kuti mugwiritse ntchito:
Kupaka:
Zolumikizira zathu za mapaipi zimapakidwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikufikirani bwino, zokonzeka ku zosowa zanu zamafakitale kapena zamalonda. Njira yathu yopakira ikuphatikizapo njira zofunika izi:
● Kuwunika Ubwino: Zitsulo zonse za mapaipi zisanapakedwe, zimawunikiridwa bwino kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikukwaniritsa miyezo yathu yokhwima ya magwiridwe antchito ndi umphumphu.
● Chophimba Choteteza: Kutengera mtundu wa zinthu ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, zolumikizira zathu zitha kulandira chophimba choteteza kuti zisawonongeke komanso zisawonongeke panthawi yonyamula.
● Kulumikiza Kotetezeka: Zolumikizira zimalumikizidwa pamodzi mosamala, kuonetsetsa kuti zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zotetezeka panthawi yonse yotumizira.
● Zolemba ndi Zolemba: Phukusi lililonse lili ndi zilembo zofunikira, kuphatikizapo zofunikira pa malonda, kuchuluka kwake, ndi malangizo aliwonse apadera okhudza momwe zinthu zilili. Zolemba zoyenera, monga zikalata zosonyeza kuti zinthu zikutsatira malamulo, zikuphatikizidwanso.
● Kupaka Mwamakonda: Tikhoza kulandira zopempha zapadera zopaka malinga ndi zosowa zanu zapadera, ndikuonetsetsa kuti zoyika zanu zakonzedwa momwe mukufunira.
Manyamulidwe:
Timagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ogwirizana nawo odalirika kuti titsimikizire kuti katundu wathu afika mwachangu komanso modalirika. Gulu lathu loyendetsa zinthu limakonza njira zotumizira katundu kuti lichepetse nthawi yoyendera katundu ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchedwa. Pa kutumiza katundu kunja kwa dziko, timayang'anira zikalata zonse zofunikira za msonkho komanso kutsatira malamulo kuti tithandize kuchotsa katundu mosavuta. Timapereka njira zotumizira katundu mosavuta, kuphatikizapo kutumiza katundu mwachangu pakufunika kofunikira.











