Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika
Kupanga mapaipi achitsulo chosasunthika kwakhala ndi mbiri ya zaka pafupifupi 100. Abale a ku Germany a Mannesmann adapanga koyamba makina awiri oboola mizati mu 1885, ndi makina oboola mizati mu 1891. Mu 1903, Swiss RC stiefel adapanga makina oboola mizati okha (omwe amadziwikanso kuti makina apamwamba a payipi). Pambuyo pake, makina osiyanasiyana owonjezera monga makina oboola mizati ndi makina oboola mizati adawonekera, omwe adayamba kupanga makampani amakono a payipi yachitsulo chosasunthika. Mu 1930, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito makina atatu oboola mizati, otulutsa mizati ndi makina oboola ozizira nthawi ndi nthawi, mitundu ndi ubwino wa mapaipi achitsulo zidawongoleredwa. Mu 1960, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makina oboola mizati ndi kutuluka kwa makina atatu oboola mizati, makamaka kupambana kwa makina ochepetsera kupsinjika ndi makina oboola mizati, magwiridwe antchito opanga adakwera ndipo mpikisano pakati pa payipi yosasunthika ndi payipi yolumikizidwa unakulitsidwa. Mu 1970, payipi yosasunthika ndi payipi yolumikizidwa zinali kuyenda bwino, ndipo kutulutsa kwa mapaipi achitsulo padziko lonse lapansi kudakwera pamlingo woposa 5% pachaka. Kuyambira mu 1953, China yakhala ikupereka kufunika kwa chitukuko cha makampani opanga mapaipi achitsulo osasokonekera, ndipo poyamba yakhazikitsa njira yopangira mitundu yonse ya mapaipi akuluakulu, apakati ndi ang'onoang'ono. Kawirikawiri, mapaipi amkuwa amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zodulira ndi kuboola mapaipi a billet.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugawa chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika
Ntchito:
Chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko ndi mtundu wa chitsulo cha gawo lazachuma, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pachuma cha dziko. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mafuta, makampani opanga mankhwala, boiler, siteshoni yamagetsi, sitima, kupanga makina, magalimoto, ndege, ndege, mphamvu, nthaka, zomangamanga, makampani ankhondo ndi madipatimenti ena.
Gulu:
① Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a gawo: chitoliro chozungulira cha gawo ndi chitoliro chapadera cha gawo.
2. Malinga ndi zinthu: chitoliro cha kaboni, chitoliro cha aloyi, chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitoliro chophatikizana.
③ malinga ndi njira yolumikizira: chitoliro cholumikizira cholumikizidwa ndi chitoliro cholumikizidwa.
④ malinga ndi njira yopangira: chitoliro chotentha (chotulutsa, chojambulira ndi chokulitsa) ndi chitoliro chozizira (chojambula).
⑤ malinga ndi cholinga chake: chitoliro cha boiler, chitoliro cha mafuta, chitoliro cha payipi, chitoliro cha kapangidwe kake ndi chitoliro cha feteleza cha mankhwala.
Ukadaulo wopanga chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika
① Njira yaikulu yopangira (njira yayikulu yowunikira) chitoliro chachitsulo chosasunthika chotentha:
Kukonzekera ndi kuyang'anira chubu chopanda kanthu → Kutentha kopanda kanthu kwa chubu → kuboola → kugwedeza chubu → kutenthetsanso chubu chosaphika → kukula (kuchepetsa) → chithandizo cha kutentha → kuwongola chubu chomalizidwa → kumaliza → kuyang'anira (kosawononga, zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, mayeso a benchi) → malo osungiramo zinthu.
② Njira zazikulu zopangira chitoliro chachitsulo chopanda msoko chozizira chopindidwa (chokokedwa)
Kukonzekera kopanda kanthu → kusakaniza ndi kudzola → kuzizira (kujambula) → kutentha → kuwongola → kumaliza → kuyang'anira.
Tchati cha kayendedwe ka ntchito yopangira chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chotentha ndi motere:
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-14-2023