Mapaipi a OCTGamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pobowola zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi komanso kunyamula mafuta ndi gasi.Zimaphatikizapo mapaipi obowola mafuta, mabotolo amafuta, ndi mapaipi otulutsa mafuta.Mapaipi a OCTGamagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kulumikiza makola obowola ndi zitsulo zobowola ndikutumiza mphamvu zobowola.Mafuta a petroleum amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pothandizira chitsime pobowola komanso akamaliza, kuonetsetsa kuti chitsime chonsecho chimagwira ntchito bwino pobowola komanso mukamaliza.Mafuta ndi gasi omwe ali pansi pa chitsime chamafuta amatumizidwa kumtunda ndi chubu chopopera mafuta.
Kusungirako mafuta ndi njira yothandizira kuti zitsime zamafuta zizigwira ntchito.Chifukwa chamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya geological, kupsinjika kwapansi panthaka kumakhala kovuta, ndipo kuphatikiza kwa kupsinjika, kupindika, kupindika, ndi kupsinjika kwa torsion pa thupi la casing kumabweretsa zofunika kwambiri pamtundu wa casing yokha.Boko lokhalo likawonongeka pazifukwa zina, zitha kupangitsa kuchepa kwa kupanga kapena kuphwanyidwa kwa chitsime chonsecho.
Malingana ndi mphamvu ya chitsulo chokha, casing ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana azitsulo, monga J55, K55, N80, L80, C90, T95, P110, Q125, V150, ndi zina zotero. ndi kuya.M'malo owononga, pamafunikanso kuti choyikapo chokhacho chikhale ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri.M'madera omwe ali ndi zovuta za geological, pamafunikanso kuti casing ikhale ndi anti collapse performance.
Chidziwitso choyambirira cha OCTG Pipe
1, Mawu apadera okhudzana ndi kufotokozera chitoliro cha petroleum
API: ndi chidule cha American Petroleum Institute.
OCTG: Ndichidule cha Oil Country Tubular Goods, kutanthauza machubu enieni amafuta, kuphatikiza chosungira mafuta, chitoliro chobowola, makolala obowola, ma hoops, zolumikizira zazifupi ndi zina zotero.
Machubu a Mafuta: Machubu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zitsime zamafuta pochotsa mafuta, kuchotsa gasi, jekeseni wamadzi ndi kupasuka kwa asidi.
Bowolo: Machubu omwe amatsitsidwa kuchokera padziko lapansi kupita ku dzenje lobowola ngati mpanda kuti khoma la chitsime lingagwe.
Chitoliro chobowola: Chitoliro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola.
Chitoliro chamzere: Paipi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamulira mafuta kapena gasi.
Zozungulira: Masilinda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza mapaipi awiri okhala ndi ulusi wamkati.
Zomangira: Chitoliro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zolumikizira.
Ulusi wa API: Ulusi wa chitoliro wotchulidwa ndi API 5B muyezo, kuphatikizapo ulusi wa chitoliro cha mafuta, ulusi waufupi wozungulira, ulusi wautali wozungulira, ulusi wa trapezoidal offset, ulusi wa pipeni ndi zina zotero.
Buckle Wapadera: Ulusi wopanda API wokhala ndi zida zapadera zosindikizira, zida zolumikizira ndi zina.
Kulephera: kupunduka, kuthyoka, kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba ndi kutayika kwa ntchito yoyambirira pansi pazikhalidwe zinazake zautumiki.Mitundu yayikulu ya kulephera kwa casing ya mafuta ndi: extrusion, slippage, rupture, leakge, corrosion, kugwirizana, kuvala ndi zina zotero.
2, Miyezo yokhudzana ndi mafuta
API 5CT: Casing and Tubing Specification (pakali pano mtundu waposachedwa wa kope la 8)
API 5D: Kubowola mapaipi (mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa 5th edition)
API 5L: mawonekedwe a chitoliro chachitsulo chapaipi (mtundu waposachedwa wa kope la 44)
API 5B: Tsatanetsatane wa makina, kuyeza ndi kuyang'anira casing, chitoliro chamafuta ndi ulusi wamapaipi
GB/T 9711.1-1997: Miyezo yaukadaulo yoperekera mapaipi achitsulo onyamula mafuta ndi gasi - Gawo 1: Mapaipi achitsulo a Gulu A
GB/T9711.2-1999: Miyezo yaukadaulo yoperekera mapaipi achitsulo potengera mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi Gawo 2: Mapaipi achitsulo a Gulu B
GB/T9711.3-2005: Zipangizo Zaumisiri Zoperekera Mapaipi a Zitsulo Zonyamula Mafuta ndi Gasi Wachilengedwe Gawo 3: Chitoliro Chachitsulo cha Gulu C
Ⅱ.Pipe ya mafuta
1. Gulu la mapaipi amafuta
Mapaipi amafuta amagawidwa m'machubu Osakwiyitsa (NU), machubu a External Upset (EU), ndi machubu ophatikizana.Machubu Osakwiyitsa amatanthauza chitoliro chomwe chimamangidwa popanda kukhuthala komanso chokhala ndi cholumikizira.Machubu a External Upset amatanthauza nsonga ziwiri za mapaipi omwe adakhuthala kunja, kenaka amalumikizidwa ndikumangika ndi zingwe.Machubu ophatikizana ophatikizika amatanthawuza chitoliro chomwe chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji popanda kulumikiza, mbali imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi ulusi wakunja wokhuthala mkati ndipo mbali inayo yolumikizidwa kudzera mu ulusi wokhuthala wakunja.
2. Udindo wa chubu
①, kutulutsa mafuta ndi gasi: zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi zikabowoleredwa ndikuyimitsidwa, chubucho chimayikidwa mubokosi lamafuta kuti muchotse mafuta ndi gasi pansi.
②, jakisoni wamadzi: ngati kutsika kwapansi sikukwanira, lowetsani madzi pachitsime kudzera muchubu.
③, jakisoni wa nthunzi: Pamene mafuta ayamba kutenthedwa, nthunzi iyenera kulowa m'chitsime ndi mapaipi amafuta otsekedwa.
(iv) Acidizing ndi fracturing: Chakumapeto pobowola bwino kapena kuti patsogolo kupanga mafuta ndi gasi zitsime, m'pofunika athandizira acidizing ndi fracturing sing'anga kapena kuchiritsa zinthu kwa wosanjikiza mafuta ndi gasi, ndi sing'anga ndi zinthu zochiritsa zimasamutsidwa kudzera mu chitoliro chamafuta.
3.Chitsulo chachitsulo cha chitoliro cha mafuta
Makalasi achitsulo a chitoliro chamafuta ndi: H40, J55, N80, L80, C90, T95, P110.
N80 imagawidwa mu N80-1 ndi N80Q, ziwirizi ndizofanana zamakokedwe zomwezo, kusiyana kuwiriko ndi momwe amaperekera komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito, kuperekedwa kwa N80-1 ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika kapena kutentha komaliza kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kutentha kwambiri Ar3 ndi kuchepetsa kukangana pambuyo kuziziritsa mpweya, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza njira zina normalizing otentha adagulung'undisa, zotsatira ndi sanali zowononga kuyezetsa sikufunika;N80Q iyenera kutenthedwa (kuzimitsa ndi kutentha) Chithandizo cha kutentha, ntchito yowonongeka iyenera kugwirizana ndi zomwe API 5CT ikupereka, ndipo ziyenera kukhala zoyesa zowononga.
L80 imagawidwa mu L80-1, L80-9Cr ndi L80-13Cr.Mawonekedwe awo amakina ndi momwe amaperekera ndizofanana.Kusiyanasiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito, zovuta kupanga ndi mtengo, L80-1 yamtundu wamba, L80- 9Cr ndi L80-13Cr ndi machubu okanira kwambiri, zovuta zopanga, zodula, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsime zolemera.
C90 ndi T95 amagawidwa mu mtundu 1 ndi mtundu 2, ndiye C90-1, C90-2 ndi T95-1, T95-2.
4.Kawirikawiri ntchito zitsulo kalasi, kalasi ndi udindo yobweretsera chitoliro mafuta
Steel grade grade Delivery status
Chitoliro chamafuta cha J55 37Mn5 chitoliro chamafuta chathyathyathya: chotentha chogudubuza m'malo mokhazikika
Chitoliro chamafuta chokhuthala: utali wonse wokhazikika pambuyo pakukhuthala.
N80-1 chubu 36Mn2V Flat-mtundu chubu: otentha adagulung'undisa m'malo mwa normalized
Chitoliro chamafuta chokhuthala: utali wonse wokhazikika pambuyo pakukhuthala
Chitoliro chamafuta cha N80-Q 30Mn5 kutalika kwanthawi yayitali
L80-1 chitoliro chamafuta 30Mn5 kutalika kwanthawi yayitali
P110 chitoliro chamafuta 25CrMnMo kutalika konse
J55 kuphatikiza 37Mn5 otentha adagulung'undisa pa intaneti normalization
N80 kuphatikiza 28MnTiB kutalika kwanthawi yayitali
L80-1 kuphatikiza 28MnTiB kutalika kwanthawi yayitali
P110 Clamp 25CrMnMo Utali Wathunthu Wotentha
Ⅲ.Casing
1, Kugawa ndi udindo wa casing
Casing ndi chitoliro chachitsulo chomwe chimachirikiza khoma la zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi.Zigawo zingapo za casing zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachitsime chilichonse molingana ndi kuya koboola kosiyanasiyana komanso momwe zinthu zilili.Simenti imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga choyikapo chikatsitsidwa m'chitsime, ndipo mosiyana ndi chitoliro chamafuta ndi chitoliro chobowola, sichingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndipo ndi ya zinthu zomwe zimatha kutayidwa.Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito casing kumachulukitsa 70% ya machubu onse amafuta.Choyikacho chikhoza kugawidwa mu: ngalande, choyikapo pamwamba, chotengera chaukadaulo ndi chosungira mafuta malinga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake, ndi kapangidwe kake m'zitsime zamafuta zikuwonetsedwa pansipa.
2. Conductor casing
makamaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobowola m'nyanja ndi m'chipululu kuti alekanitse madzi a m'nyanja ndi mchenga kuti awonetsetse kuyenda bwino kwa kubowola, mfundo zazikulu za wosanjikiza wa 2.casing ndi: Φ762mm(30in)×25.4mm, Φ762mm(30in)×19.06mm.
Chophimba chapamwamba: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pobowola koyamba, kubowola kumatsegula pamwamba pa strata yosasunthika ku thanthwe, kuti asindikize gawo ili la strata kuti lisagwe, liyenera kusindikizidwa ndi chophimba pamwamba.The specifications of pamwamba casing: 508mm (20in), 406.4mm (16in), 339.73mm (13-3/8in), 273.05mm (10-3/4in), 244.48mm (9-5/9in), etc. Kuzama kwa chitoliro chotsitsa kumadalira kuya kwa mapangidwe ofewa.Kuzama kwa chitoliro chapansi kumadalira kuya kwa stratum yotayirira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 80 ~ 1500 m.Kuthamanga kwake kwakunja ndi mkati sikuli kwakukulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumatenga K55 zitsulo zachitsulo kapena N80 zitsulo.
3.Technical casing
Ukadaulo casing ntchito pobowola ndondomeko zovuta mapangidwe.Mukakumana ndi zigawo zovuta monga wosanjikiza kugwa, wosanjikiza mafuta, gasi wosanjikiza, madzi wosanjikiza, kutayikira wosanjikiza, mchere phala wosanjikiza, etc., m'pofunika kuyika pansi casing luso kusindikiza izo, apo ayi pobowola sangathe kuchitidwa.Zitsime zina ndi zakuya ndi zovuta, ndipo kuya kwa chitsime kumafika mamita zikwi zambiri, mtundu uwu wa zitsime zakuya ziyenera kuyika zigawo zingapo za casing luso, katundu wake wamakina ndi zofunikira zosindikizira ndizokwera kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi achitsulo komanso apamwamba, kuwonjezera pa K55, zambiri ndi ntchito N80 ndi P110 giredi, zitsime zina zakuya amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu Q125 kapena apamwamba sanali API giredi, monga V150.mfundo zazikulu za casing luso ndi: 339.73 Mfundo zikuluzikulu za casing luso ndi motere: 339.73mm(13-3/8in), 273.05mm (10-3/4in), 244.48mm (9-5/8in), 219.08mm (8-5/8in), 193.68mm (7-5/8in), 177.8mm (7in) ndi zina zotero.
4. Chophimba chamafuta
Chitsime chikabowoleredwa kumalo komwe mukupita (wosanjikiza wokhala ndi mafuta ndi gasi), ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chosungiramo mafuta kuti musindikize wosanjikiza wamafuta ndi gasi ndi malo owonekera pamwamba, ndipo mkati mwa chosungiramo mafuta ndi gawo lamafuta. .Kuyika kwamafuta m'mitundu yonse yamakasitomala mozama kwambiri, mawonekedwe ake amakina ndi zofunikira zosindikizira ndizokwera kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito kalasi yachitsulo K55, N80, P110, Q125, V150 ndi zina zotero.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mapangidwe a casing ndi: 177.8mm (7in), 168.28mm (6-5/8in), 139.7mm (5-1/2in), 127mm (5in), 114.3mm (4-1/2in), etc. . Chosungiracho ndi chakuya kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya zitsime, ndipo machitidwe ake amakina ndi kusindikiza ndipamwamba kwambiri.
V. Drill chitoliro
1, Gulu ndi udindo wa chitoliro zida pobowola
Chitoliro chobowola square, chitoliro chobowola, chitoliro chobowola cholemera ndi kolala yobowola mu zida zobowola zimapanga chitoliro chobowola.Chitoliro chobowola ndicho chida chobowola pachimake chomwe chimayendetsa chobowola kuchokera pansi mpaka pansi pa chitsime, komanso ndi njira yochokera pansi mpaka pansi pa chitsime.Ili ndi maudindo atatu: ① kusamutsa torque kuti ibowole;② kudalira kulemera kwake kuti ikakamize pobowola kuti ithyole mwala pansi pa chitsime;③ kunyamula madzi ochapira chitsime, ndiye kuti, matope obowola pansi kudzera pamapampu amatope othamanga kwambiri, kulowa m'bowolo kuti alowe pansi pa chitsime kuti achotse zinyalala zamwala ndikuziziritsa pobowola; ndi kunyamula zinyalala za mwala kupyolera mu danga la annular pakati pa kunja kwa mzati ndi khoma la chitsime kuti libwerere pansi, kuti akwaniritse cholinga choboola chitsimecho.Kubowola chitoliro pobowola ndondomeko kupirira zosiyanasiyana zovuta alternating katundu, monga kumangika, psinjika, torsion, kupinda ndi nkhawa zina, pamwamba pamwamba ndi pansi mkulu-anzanu matope scouring ndi dzimbiri.
(1) lalikulu kubowola chitoliro: lalikulu kubowola chitoliro ali mitundu iwiri ya quadrilateral mtundu ndi hexagonal mtundu, China mafuta pobowola ndodo aliyense seti kubowola ndime zambiri ntchito quadrilateral mtundu kubowola chitoliro.Mfundo zake ndi: 63.5mm (2-1/2in), 88.9mm (3-1/2in), 107.95mm (4-1/4in), 133.35mm (5-1/4in), 152.4mm (6in) ndi zina zotero.Nthawi zambiri kutalika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 12 ~ 14.5m.
(2) Chitoliro chobowola: Chitoliro chobowola ndicho chida chachikulu pobowola zitsime, cholumikizidwa kumunsi kwa chitoliro chobowola, ndipo chitsime chobowola chikapitirizabe kuzama, chitoliro chobowolacho chimatalikitsa mzati wobowola wina ndi mnzake.Mafotokozedwe a pobowola chitoliro ndi: 60.3mm (2-3/8in), 73.03mm (2-7/8in), 88.9mm (3-1/2in), 114.3mm (4-1/2in), 127mm (5in). ), 139.7mm (5-1/2in) ndi zina zotero.
(3) Chitoliro Chobowola Cholemedwa: Chitoliro chobowola cholemera ndi chida chosinthira cholumikizira chitoliro chobowola ndi kolala yobowola, yomwe imatha kusintha mphamvu ya chitoliro chobowola komanso kukulitsa kukakamiza pabowola.The specifications kulemera kubowola chitoliro ndi 88.9mm (3-1/2in) ndi 127mm (5in).
(4) Kolala yobowola: kolala yobowola imalumikizidwa kumunsi kwa chitoliro chobowola, chomwe ndi chitoliro chapadera chokhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, chomwe chimakakamiza pobowola kuti chithyole thanthwe, ndipo chimatha kugwira ntchito yotsogolera kuboola zitsime zowongoka.Zodziwika bwino za kolala yobowola ndi: 158.75mm (6-1/4in), 177.85mm (7in), 203.2mm (8in), 228.6mm (9in) ndi zina zotero.
V. Line chitoliro
1, Gulu la chitoliro cha mzere
Chitoliro cha mzere chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani amafuta ndi gasi ponyamula mafuta, mafuta oyengedwa, gasi lachilengedwe ndi mapaipi amadzi okhala ndi chitoliro chachitsulo mwachidule.Mayendedwe a mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi amagawidwa m'mapaipi akulu, payipi yanthambi ndi mapaipi amtundu wamapaipi amatauni amitundu itatu, mzere waukulu wamapaipi amtundu wanthawi zonse ∮ 406 ~ 1219mm, makulidwe a khoma 10 ~ 25mm, chitsulo kalasi X42 ~ X80;mapaipi anthambi ndi mapaipi amtundu wamapaipi am'matauni atsatanetsatane wanthawi zonse a # 114 ~ 700mm, makulidwe a khoma la 6 ~ 20mm, kalasi yachitsulo X42 ~ X80.Zomwe zimapangidwira mapaipi odyetsa ndi mapaipi akutawuni ndi 114-700mm, makulidwe a khoma 6-20mm, kalasi yachitsulo X42-X80.
Mzere chitoliro ali welded zitsulo chitoliro, alinso opanda zitsulo chitoliro, welded zitsulo chitoliro ntchito kuposa opanda zitsulo chitoliro.
2, Mzere chitoliro muyezo
Mzere chitoliro muyezo ndi API 5L "chitoliro zitsulo zitsulo specifications", koma China mu 1997 analengeza mfundo ziwiri dziko kwa chitoliro chitoliro: GB/T9711.1-1997 "mafuta ndi gasi makampani, gawo loyamba la zinthu luso yobereka chitoliro zitsulo : A-kalasi zitsulo chitoliro" ndi GB/T9711.2-1997 "mafuta ndi gasi makampani, gawo lachiwiri la zinthu luso yobereka chitoliro zitsulo: B-kalasi zitsulo chitoliro".Chitoliro chachitsulo", miyezo iwiriyi ndi yofanana ndi API 5L, ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri apakhomo amafunikira kuperekedwa kwa miyezo iwiri yamayiko.
3, Za PSL1 ndi PSL2
PSL ndi chidule cha mlingo specifications mankhwala.Line chitoliro mfundo mlingo mlingo wagawidwa PSL1 ndi PSL2, Tinganenenso kuti mlingo khalidwe lagawidwa PSL1 ndi PSL2.PSL1 ndi yayikulu kuposa PSL2, mulingo wa 2 singofunikira zosiyana zoyeserera, komanso kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zofunikira zamakina zimasiyana, kotero malinga ndi dongosolo la API 5L, mawu a mgwirizanowo kuwonjezera kufotokozeredwa, kalasi yachitsulo. ndi zizindikiro zina wamba, komanso ayenera kusonyeza mankhwala Specification mlingo, ndiye, PSL1 kapena PSL2.
PSL2 mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mphamvu zolimba, mphamvu yamphamvu, kuyesa kosawononga ndi zisonyezo zina ndizolimba kuposa PSL1.
4, payipi chitoliro zitsulo kalasi ndi zikuchokera mankhwala
Mzere chitoliro zitsulo kalasi kuchokera otsika mpaka mkulu lagawidwa: A25, A, B, X42, X46, X52, X60, X65, X70 ndi X80.
5, kuthamanga kwa madzi a chitoliro ndi zofunikira zosawononga
Chitoliro cha mzere chiyenera kuchitidwa nthambi ndi mayeso a hydraulic hydraulic, ndipo muyezowo sulola kuti mbadwo wosawononga wa hydraulic pressure, womwenso ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa API ndi miyezo yathu.
PSL1 sifunikira kuyesedwa kosawonongeka, PSL2 iyenera kukhala yoyesa mosawononga nthambi ndi nthambi.
VI.Premium Connection
1, Kuyambitsa kwa Premium Connection
Buckle yapadera ndi yosiyana ndi ulusi wa API wokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a ulusi wa chitoliro.Ngakhale chosungira chamafuta chomwe chilipo cha API chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito chitsime chamafuta, zophophonya zake zimawonetsedwa bwino m'malo apadera amafuta ena: API yozungulira chitoliro chozungulira, ngakhale kuti kusindikiza kwake kuli bwinoko, mphamvu yamanjenje yonyamula ndi ulusi. gawo lokhalo lofanana ndi 60% mpaka 80% ya mphamvu ya chitoliro cha thupi, kotero silingagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito zitsime zakuya;ndi API kukondera trapezoidal ulusi chitoliro chitoliro, kugwira ntchito kwamakokedwe a ulusi gawo ndi lofanana ndi mphamvu ya chitoliro thupi, motero singagwiritsidwe ntchito mu zitsime zakuya;Mzere wa chitoliro wa API wokondera wa trapezoidal, magwiridwe ake amakokedwe siabwino.Ngakhale kuti kugwira ntchito kwachitsulo ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa kugwirizanitsa ulusi wozungulira wa API, kusindikiza kwake sikuli bwino kwambiri, kotero sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito zitsime za gasi zothamanga kwambiri;Kuonjezera apo, mafuta opangidwa ndi ulusi amatha kugwira ntchito yake m'chilengedwe ndi kutentha pansi pa 95 ℃, kotero sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito zitsime zotentha kwambiri.
Poyerekeza ndi ulusi wozungulira wa API komanso kulumikizana pang'ono kwa ulusi wa trapezoidal, Connection ya Premium yapita patsogolo m'mbali zotsatirazi:
(1) kusindikiza bwino, kupyolera mu mapangidwe a zotanuka ndi zitsulo zosindikizira, kotero kuti kukana kwa gasi kusindikiza kumafika malire a thupi la chubu mkati mwa mphamvu yokolola;
(2) mphamvu yayikulu yolumikizira, yolumikizana ndi Premium Connection ya casing yamafuta, mphamvu yolumikizira imafika kapena kupitilira mphamvu ya thupi la chubu, kuthetsa vuto la kutsetsereka kwenikweni;
(3) ndi Kusankhidwa kwa Zinthu ndi kukonza njira ya mankhwala pamwamba, makamaka anathetsa vuto la ulusi kumamatira buckle;
(4) mwa kukhathamiritsa kwa kapangidwe kake, kotero kuti kugawa kwapang'onopang'ono kwapang'onopang'ono kumakhala koyenera, kothandiza kukana kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri;
(5) kudzera pamapewa a kapangidwe koyenera, kotero kuti pa buckle ntchito yosavuta kuchita.
Pakadali pano, dziko lapansi lapanga mitundu yopitilira 100 ya ma Premium Connections okhala ndi ukadaulo wapatent.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-21-2024