Chitoliro cha Chitsulo cha Slotted for Controlled Fluid Passage

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Mawu Ofunika Kwambiri:Chitsulo chachitsulo & machubu, chotengera chopanda msoko & machubu, chotengera chamafuta, chubu chamafuta, chitoliro chapaipi, Casing Chabwino
Casing & Tubing Kukula:Kunja Kunja: Casing: 114.3 - 762 mm Tubing: 26.7 -114.3 mm;
Makulidwe a Khoma:Casing: 5.21 - 20.0 mm Tubing: 2.87 - 16.0 mm;
Utali wa Casing & Tubing:Tubing: R1 (6.1 - 7.32 mm), R2 (8.53 - 9.75 mm);Chovala: R1 (4.88 - 7.62 mm), R2 (7.62 - 10.36 mm), ndi R3 (10.36 - 14.63 mm)
Mulingo & Gulu:API 5CT, J55, K55, L80, N80, P110, C90, T95, Q125ndi zina…
Kumapeto kwa Casing Tubing:BTC, SC, LC, BC, NU, EU, EUE, STC, VAM-TOP, PREMIUM, PH6
Womic Steel yopereka mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri & yopikisana yamapaipi opanda zitsulo kapena welded carbon steel, zoyikira mapaipi, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri ndi zolumikizira.


Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Zolemba Zamalonda

Mafotokozedwe Akatundu

Casing ndi machubu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta ndi gasi, Casing ndi chubu ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani amafuta ndi gasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa ndi kutumiza ma hydrocarbons (mafuta ndi gasi) kuchokera kumadziwe apansi panthaka kupita pamwamba.Amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa chitetezo, kukhulupirika, komanso kugwira ntchito moyenera pakubowola ndi kupanga.

Tubing ndi mtundu wa mapaipi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa mafuta osakhwima ndi gasi wachilengedwe kuchokera pagawo lamafuta kapena gasi kupita pansi kukumba kukamaliza.Tubing amatha kulola kupanikizika komwe kumapangidwa panthawi yochotsa.Tubing amapangidwa mofanana ndi casing, koma ndondomeko yotchedwa "upsetting" ndiyofunikanso kuti muyimitse chitoliro cha chubu.

Chophimbacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mabowo omwe adakumbidwa pansi kuti apange mafuta.Zogwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi chitoliro chobowola, mapaipi osungira mafuta amalolanso kupanikizika kwa axial, kotero kuti chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri chimafunika.Makaseti a OCTG ndi mapaipi akulu akulu omwe amamangidwira mubowo.

Chitsulo-Casing-&-Tubing-1

Zofotokozera

API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
API 5CT: J55, K55, N80, L80, P110
API 5D: E75, X95, G105, S135
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H
ASTM A106: G.A, GR.B, GR.C
ASTM A53/A53M: G.A, GR.B
ASTM A335: P1, P2, 95, P9, P11P22, P23, P91, P92, P122
ASTM A333: Gr.1, Gr.3, Gr.4, Gr.6, Gr.7, Gr.8, Gr.9.Gr.10, Gr.11
DIN 2391: St30Al, St30Si, St35, St45, St52
DIN EN 10216-1: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2
JIS G3454: STPG 370, STPG 410
JIS G3456: STPT 370, STPT 410, STPT 480
GB/T 8163: 10 #, 20 #, Q345
GB/T 8162: 10 #, 20 #, 35 #, 45 #, Q345

Mndandanda wa ISO/API Steel Casing list

Zolembaa Kunja
awiri

D
mm
Mwadzina
mzere
misab, c
T&C

kg/m
Khoma
makulidwe

t
mm
Mtundu womaliza
1 2 H40 j55
K55
M65 L80
C95
N80
Mtundu 1, Q
C90
T95
P110 Q125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
9.50
10.50
11.60
13.50
15.10
114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
14, 14
15,63
17, 26
20,09
22,47
5, 21
5,69
6,35
7, 37
8,56
PS
-
-
-
-
PS
PSB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
-
-
PS
PSB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
-
PLB
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
11.50
13.00
15.00
18.00
21.40
23.20
24.10
127,00
127,00
127,00
127,00
127,00
127,00
127,00
17, 11
19,35
22,32
26,79
31,85
34,53
35,86
5,59
6,43
7,52
9, 19
11, 10
12, 14
12,70
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PS
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Zithunzi za PSLBE
-
-
-
-
PS
Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
5-1/2
14.00
15.50
17.00
20.00
23.00
26.80
29.70
32.60
35.30
38.00
40.50
43.10
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
139,70
20,83
23,07
25,30
29,76
34, 23
39,88
44,20
48,51
52,53
56,55
60,27
64, 14
6,20
6,98
7,72
9, 17
10,54
12,70
14, 27
15,88
17,45
19,05
20,62
22, 22
PS PS
Zithunzi za PSLBE
Zithunzi za PSLBE
PS
Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
6-5/8
6-5/8
6-5/8
6-5/8
20.00
24.00
28.00
32.00
168,28
168,28
168,28
168,28
29,76
35,72
41,67
47,62
7,32
8,94
10,59
12,06
PS
-

-

Chithunzi cha PSLB
Zithunzi za PSLBE

-

Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-

PLBE

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
17.00
20.00
23.00
26.00
29.00
32.00
35.00
38.00
42.70
46.40
50.10
53.60
57.10
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
177,80
25,30
29,76
34, 23
38,69
43, 16
47,62
52,09
56,55
63,54
69,05
74,56
79,77
84,97
5,87
6,91
8,05
9, 19
10,36
11,51
12,65
13,72
15,88
17,45
19,05
20,62
22, 22
PS
PS
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PS
Zithunzi za PSLBE
Zithunzi za PSLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PS
PLB
PLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
P
P
P
P
P
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
Onani zolemba kumapeto kwa tebulo.
Zolembaa Kunja
awiri

D
mm
Mwadzina
mzere
misab, c
T&C

kg/m
Khoma
makulidwe

t
mm
Mtundu womaliza
1 2 H40 j55
K55
M65 L80
C95
N80
Mtundu 1, Q
C90
T95
P110 Q125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
7-5/8
24.00
26.40
29.70
33.70
39.00
42.80
45.30
47.10
51.20
55.30
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
193,68
35,72
39, 29
44,20
50, 15
58,04
63,69
67,41
70,09
76, 19
82,30
7,62
8,33
9,52
10,92
12,70
14, 27
15, 11
15,88
17,45
19,05
PS Zithunzi za PSLBE Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
PLB
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
P
P
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
PLBE
PLB
PLB
PLB
7-3/4 46.10 19,685 6,860 1,511 - - - P P P P P
8-5/8
8-5/8
8-5/8
8-5/8
8-5/8
8-5/8
8-5/8
24.00
28.00
32.00
36.00
40.00
44.00
49.00
219,08
219,08
219,08
219,08
219,08
219,08
219,08
35,72
41,67
47,62
53,57
59,53
65,48
72,92
6,71
7,72
8,94
10, 16
11,43
12,70
14, 15
PS
PS
-
-
-
-
PS
-
Zithunzi za PSLBE
Zithunzi za PSLBE
-
-
-
PS
PS
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
9-5/8
32.30
36.00
40.00
43.50
47.00
53.50
58.40
59.40
64.90
70.30
75.60
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
244,48
48,07
53,57
59,53
64,73
69,94
79,62
86,91
88,40
96,58
104,62
112,50
7,92
8,94
10,03
11,05
11,99
13,84
15, 11
15,47
17,07
18,64
20,24
PS
PS
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Zithunzi za PSLBE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
PLB
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
P
P
P
P
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PLBE
PLBE
PLB
-
-
-
-
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
10-3/4
32.75
40.50
45.50
51.00
55.50
60.70
65.70
73.20
79.20
85.30
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
273,05
48,74
60,27
67,71
75,90
82,59
90,33
97,77
108,93
117,86
126,94
7,09
8,89
10, 16
11,43
12,57
13,84
15, 11
17,07
18,64
20,24
PS
PS
PSB
PSBE
PSBE
PSB
PSB
PSB
PSB
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSB
P
P
P
PSBE
PSBE
PSBE
PSB
PSBE
PSB
11-3/4
11-3/4
11-3/4
11-3/4
11-3/4
11-3/4
42.00
47.00
54.00
60.00
65.00
71.00
298,45
298,45
298,45
298,45
298,45
298,45
62,50
69,94
80, 36
89, 29
96,73
105,66
8,46
9,53
11,05
12,42
13,56
14,78
PS
-
-

-
-

PSB
PSB
PSB
-
-
PSB
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
-
PSB
P
P
-
-
PSB
P
P
-
-
PSB
P
P
-
-
PSB
P
P
-
-
PSB
P
P
13-3/8
13-3/8
13-3/8
13-3/8
13-3/8
48.00
54.50
61.00
68.00
72.00
339,72
339,72
339,72
339,72
339,72
71,43
81,10
90,78
101,19
107,15
8, 38
9,65
10,92
12, 19
13,06
PS
-
-
-
-
-
PSB
PSB
PSB
-
-
PSB
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
-
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
PSB
PSB
-
-
-
-
PSB
Onani zolemba kumapeto kwa tebulo.
Zolembaa Kunja
awiri

D
mm
Mwadzina
mzere
misab, c
T&C

kg/m
Khoma
makulidwe

t
mm
Mtundu womaliza
1 2 H40 j55
K55
M65 L80
C95
N80
Mtundu 1, Q
C90
T95
P110 Q125
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
16
16
16
16
65.00
75.00
84.00
109.00
406,40
406,40
406,40
406,40
96,73
111,61
125,01
162,21
9,53
11, 13
12,57
16,66
PS PSB
PSB
P
PSB
PSB
P P P P
18-5/8 87.50 47,308 13,021 1,105 PS PSB PSB - - - - -
20
20
20
94.00
106.50
133.00
508,00
508,00
508,00
139,89
158,49
197,93
11, 13
12,70
16, 13
PSL
-
-
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
Chithunzi cha PSLB
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P = Mapeto osavuta, S = Ulusi Waufupi wozungulira, L = Ulusi wautali wozungulira, B = Ulusi wa Buttress, E = Wapamwamba kwambiri.
♦ Malebulo ndi a chidziwitso ndi chithandizo pakuyitanitsa.
♦ Unyinji wa mizera, ulusi ndi wophatikizika (mgawo 2) amasonyezedwa kuti adziwe zambiri.
♦ Kuchulukana kwazitsulo za martensitic chromium (L80 mitundu 9Cr ndi 13Cr) ndizosiyana ndi zitsulo za carbon.Zochuluka zomwe zikuwonetsedwa sizolondola pazitsulo za martensitic chromium.Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa 0,989 kungagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Zolemba M'mimba mwake
D
mm
Mzere wosavuta
misa
kg/m
Khoma makulidwe
t
mm
1 2
1 2 3 4 5
3-1/2
4
4-1/2
5
5-1/2
6-5/8
9.92
11.35
13.05
17.95
19.83
27.66
88,90
101,60
114,30
127,00
139,70
168,28
14,76
16,89
19,42
26,71
29,51
41, 18
7, 34
7, 26
7, 37
9, 19
9, 17
10,59

Mndandanda wa ISO/API Steel Tubing

Zolemba Kunja
awiri

D
mm
Mwadzina liniya
misandi, b
Khoma
wandiweyani-
ness

t
mm
Mtundu womalizac
Osakhala-
khumudwa
T&C

kg/m
Zowonjezera.
khumudwa
T&C

kg/m
Integ.
pamodzi

kg/m
1 2
NU
T&C
EU
T&C
IJ H40 j55 L80 N80
Mtundu 1, Q
C90 T95 P110
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1.900
1.900
1.900
1.900
1.900
2.40
2.75
3.65
4.42
5.15
-
2.90
3.73
-
-
2.40
2.76
-
-
-
48,26
48,26
48,26
48,26
48,26
-
4,09
5,43
6,58
7,66
-
4,32
5,55
-
-
3,57
4, 11
-
-
-
3,18
3,68
5,08
6,35
7,62
PI
PNUI
PU
-
-
PI
PNUI
PU
-
-
-
PNUI
PU
P
P
-
PNUI
PU
-
-
-
PNUI
PU
P
P
-
PNUI
PU
P
P
PU
-
-
2.063
2.063
3.24
4.50
-
-
3.25
-
52,40
52,40
-
-
-
-
4,84
-
3,96
5,72
PI
P
PI
P
PI
P
PI
P
PI
P
PI
P
P
2-3/8
2-3/8
2-3/8
2-3/8
2-3/8
4.00
4.60
5.80
6.60
7.35
4.70
5.95

7.45

60, 32
60, 32
60, 32
60, 32
60, 32
5,95
6,85
8,63
9,82
10,94
6,99
8,85

11,09

4, 24
4,83
6,45
7,49
8,53
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
PNU
P
PU
PN
PNU
PNU
-
-
PN
PNU
PNU
P
PU
PN
PNU
PNU
P
PU
PNU
PNU
2-7/8
2-7/8
2-7/8
2-7/8
6.40
7.80
8.60
9.35
6.50
7.90
8.70
9.45
-
-

-

73,02
73,02
73,02
73,02
9,52
11,61
12,80
13,91
9,67
11,76
12,95
14,06
-
-

-

5,51
7,01
7,82
8,64
PNU
-

-

PNU
-

-

PNU
PNU
PNU
PU
PNU
PNU
PNU
-
PNU
PNU
PNU
PU
PNU
PNU
PNU
PU
PNU
PNU
PNU
-
2-7/8
2-7/8
10.50
11.50
- - 73,02
73,02
15,63
17, 11
- - 9,96
11, 18
- - P
P
- P
P
P
P
-
3-1/2
3-1/2
3-1/2
3-1/2
3-1/2
3-1/2
3-1/2
7.70
9.20
10.20
12.70
14.30
15.50
17.00
-
9.30
-
12.95
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
88,90
88,90
88,90
88,90
88,90
88,90
88,90
11,46
13,69
15, 18
18,90
21, 28
23,07
25,30
-
13,84
-
19,27
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5,49
6,45
7, 34
9,52
10,92
12,09
13,46
PN
PNU
PN
-
-
-
-
PN
PNU
PN
-
-
-
-
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
P
P
P
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
-
-
-
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
P
P
P
PN
PNU
PN
PNU
P
P
P
-
PNU
-
PNU
-
-
-
4
4
4
4
4
4
9.50
10.70
13.20
16.10
18.90
22.20
-
11.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
101,60
101,60
101,60
101,60
101,60
101,60
14, 14
-
19,64
23,96
28, 13
33,04
-
16,37
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5,74
6,65
8, 38
10,54
12,70
15,49
PN
PU
-
-
-
-
PN
PU
-
-
-
-
PN
PU
P
P
P
P
PN
PU
-
-
-
-
PN
PU
P
P
P
P
PN
PU
P
P
P
P
-
-
-
-
-
-
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
4-1/2
12.60
15.20
17.00
18.90
21.50
23.70
26.10
12.75 114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
114,30
18,75
22,62
25,30
28, 13
32,00
35, 27
38,84
18,97 6,88
8,56
9,65
10,92
12,70
14, 22
16,00
PNU PNU PNU
P
P
P
P
P
P
PNU
-
-
-
-
-
-
PNU
P
P
P
P
P
P
PNU
P
P
P
P
P
P
P = Mapeto ang'onoang'ono, N = Osakhumudwitsidwa ndi ulusi wolumikizidwa, U = Kukhumudwa kwakunja kolumikizidwa ndi kulumikizidwa, I = Cholumikizira.
♦ Unyinji wa mizera, ulusi ndi kugwirizana (kol. 2, 3, 4) zimasonyezedwa kuti mudziwe zambiri.
♦ Kuchulukana kwazitsulo za martensitic chromium (L80 mitundu 9Cr ndi 13Cr) ndizosiyana ndi zitsulo za carbon.Zochuluka zomwe zikuwonetsedwa sizolondola pazitsulo za martensitic chromium.Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa 0,989 kungagwiritsidwe ntchito.
♦ Machubu osakhumudwitsidwa amapezeka ndi kulumikizana pafupipafupi kapena ma bevel apadera.Machubu okhumudwa akunja amapezeka ndi zolumikizana pafupipafupi, zapadera, kapena zolumikizira zapadera.

Standard & Giredi

Casing ndi tubing Standard Grades:

API 5CT J55,K55,L80, N80,P110, C90, T95, H40

API 5CT casing ndi chubu chitoliro chimatha:

(STC)Chotengera chachifupi chozungulira

(LC)Chotengera cha ulusi wautali

(BC) Chikwama cha ulusi wa Buttress

(XC) Chovala chamzere kwambiri

(NU) Machubu osasokoneza

(EU) Machubu osokonezeka akunja

(IJ) Machubu ophatikizana

Casing ndi chubu ziyenera kuperekedwa molingana ndi zolumikizira pamwambapa ndi muyezo wa API5CT / API Standards.

Njira Yopangira

Kuwongolera Kwabwino

Kuyang'ana Zinthu Zazikulu, Kusanthula Kwachindunji, Kuyesa Kwamakina, Kuyang'ana Kowoneka, Kuyesa Kwamphamvu, Kuwona kwa Dimension, Bend Test, Mayeso a Flattening, Impact Test, DWT Test, NDT Test, Hydrostatic Test, Hardness Test…..

Kulemba, Kujambula musanabadwe.

Zitsulo-zovala-&-tubing0
Chitsulo-Casing-&-tubing4
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-machubu6
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing7
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing8
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing9
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing10

Kupaka & Kutumiza

Njira yopakira mapaipi achitsulo imaphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kuyika magulu, kukulunga, kumanga, kusunga, kulemba zilembo, palletizing (ngati kuli kofunikira), kuyika zida, stowing, kusindikiza, mayendedwe, ndi kumasula.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapaipi achitsulo ndi zoyikira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolongedza.Njira yonseyi imatsimikizira kuti mapaipi achitsulo amatumizidwa ndikufika komwe akupita ali bwino, okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing1
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-tubing2
Zitsulo-zopaka-&-machubu3

Kugwiritsa Ntchito & Kugwiritsa Ntchito

Mapaipi achitsulo amagwira ntchito ngati msana wa uinjiniya wamakono wamafakitale ndi wamba, kuthandizira ntchito zingapo zomwe zimathandizira chitukuko chamagulu ndi chuma padziko lonse lapansi.

Mapaipi achitsulo ndi zomangira zomwe ife Womic Zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafuta, gasi, mapaipi amafuta & madzi, kunyanja / kumtunda, ntchito zomanga madoko & zomanga, kukhetsa, Zitsulo zomanga, kuyika milu ndi ntchito zomanga mlatho, komanso machubu achitsulo olondola a conveyor roller. kupanga, etc...