Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira, omwe amadziwikanso kuti helical submerged arc-welded (HSAW) mapaipi, ndi mtundu wa chitoliro chachitsulo chomwe chimadziwika ndi mapangidwe awo apadera komanso kapangidwe kake.Mapaipiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kusinthasintha.Nawa kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira:
Njira Yopangira:Mipope yachitsulo yozungulira imapangidwa kudzera m'njira yapadera yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito koyilo yachitsulo.Mzerewu umakhala wosavulazidwa ndipo umapangidwa kukhala wozungulira, kenaka amawotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya submerged arc welding (SAW).Izi zimabweretsa msoko wopitilira, wa helical kutalika kwa chitoliro.
Kapangidwe Kapangidwe:Msoko wa helical wa mipope yachitsulo yozungulira umapereka mphamvu yachilengedwe, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kupirira katundu wambiri ndi zovuta.Kapangidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kugawa kofanana kwa kupsinjika ndikukulitsa luso la chitoliro chokana kupindika ndi kupunduka.
Kukula:Mipope yachitsulo yozungulira imabwera mosiyanasiyana (mpaka 120 Inchi) ndi makulidwe, zomwe zimalola kusinthasintha pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.Amapezeka mu mainchesi akuluakulu poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mapaipi.
Mapulogalamu:Mipope yachitsulo yozungulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga mafuta ndi gasi, madzi, zomangamanga, ulimi, ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga.Iwo ndi oyenera ntchito zonse pamwamba-pansi ndi mobisa.
Kulimbana ndi Corrosion:Kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali, mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi anti-corrosion.Izi zingaphatikizepo zokutira zamkati ndi zakunja, monga epoxy, polyethylene, ndi zinki, zomwe zimateteza mapaipi kuzinthu zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zowononga.
Ubwino:Mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira amapereka zabwino zingapo, kuphatikiza kunyamula katundu wambiri, kutsika mtengo kwa mapaipi akulu akulu, kuyika mosavuta, komanso kukana kupunduka.Mapangidwe awo a helical amathandizanso kuti madzi aziyenda bwino.
LongitudinalVSSpiral:Mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira amasiyanitsidwa ndi mapaipi owotcherera nthawi yayitali popanga kupanga kwawo.Ngakhale mapaipi aatali amapangidwa ndikuwotcherera kutalika kwa chitoliro, mapaipi ozungulira amakhala ndi msoko wa helical womwe umapangidwa popanga.
Kuwongolera Ubwino:Kupanga ndi kuwongolera khalidwe ndikofunika kwambiri popanga mapaipi odalirika ozungulira zitsulo.Zowotcherera, ma geometry a chitoliro, ndi njira zoyesera zimawunikidwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikutsatira miyezo yamakampani ndi zomwe amafunikira.
Miyezo ndi Mafotokozedwe:Mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira amapangidwa motsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso yamakampani monga API 5L, ASTM, EN, ndi ena.Miyezo iyi imatanthawuza katundu wakuthupi, njira zopangira, ndi zofunikira zoyesera.
Mwachidule, mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira ndi njira yosunthika komanso yokhazikika pamafakitale osiyanasiyana.Kupanga kwawo kwapadera, mphamvu zachibadwidwe, komanso kupezeka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumathandizira kuti azigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zomangamanga, zoyendera, mphamvu, zomanga madoko ndi zina zambiri.Kusankhidwa koyenera, kuwongolera bwino, ndi njira zotetezera dzimbiri zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira akugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali.
Zofotokozera
API 5L: GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
EN 10219-1: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
EN10210: S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53/A53M: G.A, GR.B |
EN 10217: P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS/NZS 1163: Gulu C250 , Gulu C350, Gulu C450 |
GB/T 9711: L175, L210, L245, L290, L320 , L360, L390 , L415, L450 , L485 |
ASTMA671: CA55/CB70/CC65, CB60/CB65/CB70/CC60/CC70, CD70/CE55/CE65/CF65/CF70, CF66/CF71/CF72/CF73, CG100/CH100/CI100/CJ10 |
Diameter(mm) | Makulidwe a Khoma(mm) | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | |
219.1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||||||
273 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||||
323.9 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
325 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
355.6 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||||
377 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
406.4 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
426 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
457 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
478 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
508 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
529 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
630 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
711 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
720 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
813 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
920 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
1420 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
1620 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
1820 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2020 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2220 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
2500 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
2540 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
3000 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Kulekerera kwa Diameter Yakunja ndi Makulidwe a Khoma
Standard | Kulekerera Thupi la Chitoliro | Kulekerera kwa Pipe End | Kulekerera Makulidwe a Khoma | |||
Out Diameter | Kulekerera | Out Diameter | Kulekerera | |||
GB/T3091 | OD≤48.3mm | ≤± 0.5 | OD≤48.3mm | - | ≤±10% | |
48.3 | ≤±1.0% | 48.3 | - | |||
273.1 | ≤± 0.75% | 273.1 | -0.8+2.4 | |||
OD> 508mm | ≤±1.0% | OD> 508mm | -0.8 ~ + 3.2 | |||
GB/T9711.1 | OD≤48.3mm | -0.79+0.41 | - | - | OD≤73 | -12.5% +20% |
60.3 | ≤± 0.75% | OD≤273.1mm | -0.4 ~ + 1.59 | 88.9≤OD≤457 | -12.5%%+15% | |
508 | ≤±1.0% | OD≥323.9 | -0.79+2.38 | OD≥508 | -10.0% ~+17.5% | |
OD> 941 mm | ≤±1.0% | - | - | - | - | |
GB/T9711.2 | 60 | ± 0.75%D~±3mm | 60 | ± 0.5%D~±1.6mm | 4 mm | ±12.5%T~±15.0%T |
610 | ±0.5%D~±4mm | 610 | ± 0.5%D~±1.6mm | WT ≥25mm | - 3.00mm ~ + 3.75mm | |
OD> 1430 mm | - | OD> 1430 mm | - | - | -10.0% ~+17.5% | |
SY/T5037 | OD <508mm | ≤± 0.75% | OD <508mm | ≤± 0.75% | OD <508mm | ≤± 12.5% |
OD≥508mm | ≤±1.00% | OD≥508mm | ≤± 0.50% | OD≥508mm | ≤±10.0% | |
API 5L PSL1/PSL2 | OD <60.3 | -0.8mm ~ 0.4mm | OD≤168.3 | -0.4mm ~ + 1.6mm | WT≤5.0 | ≤± 0.5 |
60.3≤OD≤168.3 | ≤± 0.75% | 168.3 | ≤± 1.6mm | 5.0 | ≤±0.1T | |
168.3 | ≤± 0.75% | 610 | ≤± 1.6mm | T≥15.0 | ≤±1.5 | |
610 | ≤± 4.0mm | OD>1422 | - | - | - | |
OD>1422 | - | - | - | - | - | |
API 5CT | OD <114.3 | ≤± 0.79mm | OD <114.3 | ≤± 0.79mm | ≤-12.5% | |
OD≥114.3 | -0.5% -1.0% | OD≥114.3 | -0.5% -1.0% | ≤-12.5% | ||
Chithunzi cha ASTM A53 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% | |||
Chithunzi cha ASTM A252 | ≤±1.0% | ≤±1.0% | ≤-12.5% |
DN mm | NB Inchi | OD mm | Zithunzi za SCH40S mm | Zithunzi za SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS/80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | Chithunzi cha SCH140 mm | Chithunzi cha SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
6 | 1/8 " | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
8 | 1/4 " | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
10 | 3/8" | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
15 | 1/2 " | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
20 | 3/4" | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
32 | 1 1/4 " | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
40 | 1 1/2 " | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
65 | 2 1/2 " | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
90 | 3 1/2 " | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
700 | 28” | 711.20 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
750 | 30” | 762.00 | 9.53 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||
800 | 32” | 812.80 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
850 | 34” | 863.60 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
900 | 36” | 914.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 12.70 | |||||||||
DN 1000mm ndi pamwamba Diameter chitoliro khoma makulidwe Zolemba malire 25mm |
Standard & Giredi
Standard | Maphunziro a Zitsulo |
API 5L: Kufotokozera kwa Line Pipe | GR.B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80 |
ASTM A252: Mafotokozedwe Okhazikika a Milu ya Zitsulo Zowotcherera ndi Zopanda Msoko | GR.1, GR.2, GR.3 |
TS EN 10219-1: Magawo Ozizira Omwe Opangidwa Ndi Mazebo Opanda Zopanda Aloyi ndi Zitsulo Zabwino Zambewu | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
TS EN 10210 Magawo Otentha Omaliza Pamabowo Opanda Aloyi ndi Zitsulo Zambewu Zabwino | S235JRH, S275J0H, S275J2H, S355J0H, S355J2H, S355K2H |
ASTM A53/A53M: Chitoliro, Chitsulo, Chakuda ndi Choviikidwa, Zinc-Zokutidwa, Zowotcherera komanso Zopanda Seamless | G.A, GR.B |
TS EN 10217: Machubu achitsulo osungunula pazolinga zopanikizika | P195TR1, P195TR2, P235TR1, P235TR2, P265TR1, Chithunzi cha P265TR2 |
DIN 2458: Mapaipi Achitsulo Osungunuka ndi Machubu | St37.0, St44.0, St52.0 |
AS/NZS 1163: Muyezo wa Australia/New Zealand wa Zigawo Zopanda Zitsulo Zozizira Zopangidwa ndi Cold-formed | Kalasi C250 , Kalasi C350, Kalasi C450 |
GB/T 9711: Makampani a Petroleum ndi Gasi Wachilengedwe - Chitoliro cha Zitsulo cha Mapaipi | L175, L210, L245, L290, L320, L360, L390, L415, L450, L485 |
AWWA C200: Chitoliro cha Madzi achitsulo 6 mainchesi (150 mm) ndi Chachikulu | Chitsulo cha Carbon |
Njira Yopangira
Kuwongolera Kwabwino
● Kuyang'ana Zinthu Zosafunika
● Kusanthula Mankhwala
● Kuyesa Kwamakina
● Kuyang’ana M’maso
● Kuwona Mlingo
● Bend Test
● Kuyesa Kwamphamvu
● Intergranular Corrosion Test
● Mayeso Osawononga (UT, MT, PT)
● Kuyenerera kwa Njira Yowotcherera
● Microstructure Analysis
● Kuyesa kwa Flaring ndi Flattening
● Mayeso Olimba
● Kuyeza Kupanikizika
● Mayeso a Metallography
● Kuyezetsa Kowonongeka
● Mayeso a Eddy Panopa
● Kuyang’anira Kupenta ndi Kupaka
● Kubwereza Zolemba
Kugwiritsa Ntchito & Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Mipope yachitsulo ya Spiral ndi yosunthika ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera komanso zabwino zake.Amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zowotcherera zitsulo pamodzi kuti apange chitoliro chokhala ndi msoko wozungulira wozungulira.Nazi zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira:
● Fluid Transport: Mapaipi amenewa amayendetsa bwino madzi, mafuta, ndi gasi m’mapaipi aatali chifukwa chakuti amamanga mopanda msoko komanso ndi amphamvu kwambiri.
● Mafuta ndi Gasi: N'zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi, ndipo amanyamula mafuta osapsa, gasi, ndi zinthu zoyengedwa bwino, zomwe zimathandiza pofufuza ndi kugawa.
● Kusunga: Milu ya maziko m’ntchito yomanga imathandiza zolemetsa zolemetsa monga nyumba ndi milatho.
● Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachimake: Kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mizati, mizati, ndi zochirikizira, kulimba kwake kumathandiza kuti mamangidwe azikhala okhazikika.
● Ma Culverts ndi Madzi: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina a madzi, kutsekemera kwawo kwa dzimbiri ndi mkati mwake mosalala kumalepheretsa kutseka ndi kupititsa patsogolo kuyenda kwa madzi.
● Machubu Amakina: Pazopanga ndi ulimi, mapaipi amenewa amapereka njira zotsika mtengo komanso zolimba za zigawo zake.
● Panyanja ndi Panyanja: Pamalo ovuta, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi apansi pamadzi, m'mapulatifomu a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi pomanga majeti.
● Kukumba Migodi: Amapereka zipangizo ndi zinthu zotayirira pa ntchito yovuta ya migodi chifukwa cha zomangamanga zolimba.
● Kupereka Madzi: Ndiabwino kwa mapaipi aatali m'mimba mwake m'makina a madzi, kunyamula bwino madzi ochuluka.
● Geothermal Systems: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi a ku geothermal, amatha kusuntha madzi osagwirizana ndi kutentha pakati pa malo osungiramo magetsi ndi magetsi.
Kusinthasintha kwa mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira, kuphatikiza mphamvu zawo, kulimba, ndi kusinthasintha, zimawapangitsa kukhala gawo lofunikira m'mafakitale ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Kupaka & Kutumiza
Kulongedza:
Kulongedza mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti mapaipi atetezedwa mokwanira panthawi yoyendetsa ndi kusunga:
● Kumanga Mapaipi: Mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira amawamanga pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe, zomangira zachitsulo, kapena njira zina zomangira zotetezeka.Kumangana kumalepheretsa mapaipi amodzi kuti asasunthe kapena kusuntha mkati mwazopaka.
● Kuteteza Kumapeto kwa Chitoliro: Zipewa za pulasitiki kapena zotchingira zotetezera zimayikidwa kumapeto kwa mapaipi kuti zisawonongeke kumapeto kwa chitoliro ndi mkati.
● Kutsekereza madzi: Mipope imakulungidwa ndi zinthu zosaloŵerera madzi, monga mapepala apulasitiki kapena zokutira, kuti zitetezeke ku chinyezi pamene mukuyenda, makamaka poyenda panja kapena panyanja.
● Padding: Zipangizo zowonjezera, monga zoikamo thovu kapena zomangira, zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa pakati pa mapaipi kapena pamalo osatetezeka kuti zizitha kugwedezeka ndi kugwedezeka.
● Kulemba zilembo: Mtolo uliwonse umakhala ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mmene mapaipi, kukula kwake, kuchuluka kwake, ndi kumene akupita.Izi zimathandizira kuzindikirika ndi kuwongolera kosavuta.
Manyamulidwe:
● Kutumiza mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira kumafuna kukonzekera bwino kuti atsimikizire kuti mayendedwe akuyenda bwino komanso otetezeka:
● Mayendedwe: Kusankha kwa mayendedwe (msewu, njanji, nyanja, kapena mpweya) kumadalira zinthu monga mtunda, kufulumira, ndi kufika komwe mukupita.
● Kuyika nkhonya: Mipope imatha kulowetsedwa m'makontena amtundu wamba kapena zotengera zapadera.Containerization imateteza mipope ku zinthu zakunja ndipo imapereka malo olamulidwa.
● Kutchinjiriza: Mipope amamangirira m’mitsuko pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomangira zoyenera, monga kulumikiza, kutsekereza, ndi kumenyetsa.Izi zimalepheretsa kuyenda ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka panthawi yodutsa.
● Zolemba: Zolembedwa zolondola, kuphatikizapo ma invoice, mindandanda ya katundu, ndi zikalata zosonyeza mmene amatumizidwira, zakonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popereka chilolezo cha kasitomu ndi kufufuza.
● Inshuwalansi: Inshuwaransi ya katundu kaŵirikaŵiri imapezeka pofuna kulipiritsa zotayika kapena zowonongeka paulendo.
● Kuyang'anira: Pa nthawi yonse yotumiza, mapaipi angatsatidwe pogwiritsa ntchito GPS ndi njira zotsatirira kuti atsimikizire kuti ali panjira yoyenera komanso ndondomeko yoyenera.
● Kuchotsa Katundu Wachuma: Zolemba zoyenerera zimaperekedwa kuti zithandizire kuloledwa kwa kasitomu padoko kapena kumalire.
Pomaliza:
Kulongedza moyenera ndi kutumiza mapaipi achitsulo ozungulira ndikofunikira kuti mapaipi azikhala abwino komanso odalirika panthawi yamayendedwe.Kutsatira njira zabwino zamakampani kumawonetsetsa kuti mapaipiwo amafika komwe akupita ali mumkhalidwe wabwino, okonzeka kukhazikitsidwa kapena kukonzedwanso.