1. Cholinga
Kukhazikitsa njira yopangira nickel yopanda magetsi, kuwongolera magawo, ndi zofunikira paubwino, kuonetsetsa kuti utoto wokhazikika ukugwirizana ndi miyezo ya makasitomala ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi.
2. Kuchuluka
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nickel plating yopanda magetsi pa chitsulo cha carbon, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi aloyi amkuwa. Siigwiritsidwa ntchito pa aloyi a magnesium, aloyi a titaniyamu, kapena njira zina zapadera.
3. Zolemba Zovomerezeka
- • GB/T 13913-2008 – Zophimba za alloy za nickel-phosphorus zomwe zimangopangidwa zokha
- • GB/T 6461-2002 – Kuyesa zitsanzo zoyesera ndi zinthu zachitsulo ndi zina zopanda chilengedwe pazitsulo zachitsulo pambuyo poyesa dzimbiri.
- • ASTM B733-18 – Mafotokozedwe Okhazikika a Zophimba za Nickel-Phosphorus Zokha (Zopanda Magetsi)
- • ISO 4527:2003 – Zophimba zachitsulo – Zophimba za alloy za nickel-phosphorus zomwe sizimapangidwa ndi autocatalytic (electroless)
- • GB/T 5270-2005 – Zophimba zachitsulo pazitsulo zachitsulo – Zophimba zophimbidwa ndi magetsi komanso zosungidwa ndi mankhwala – Njira zoyesera zomatira
4. Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito
Kupaka nickel popanda ma electroless ndi njira yoyika mankhwala yokhayokha momwe sodium hypophosphite imachepetsa ma Ni²⁺ ions kuti apange chophimba cha Ni-P alloy.
Njira yochitira zinthu:
- • Kusungunuka kwa mafuta m'thupi: H₂PO₂⁻ + H₂O → H₂PO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻
- • Kuchepetsa kwa Cathodic: Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Ni
- • Phosphorus co-deposition: H₂PO₂⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → P + 2H₂O
Kugawa pulasitiki malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa phosphorous:
| Mtundu | Kuchuluka kwa phosphorous |
| Low-P | 1–5% |
| Pakati-P | 5–10% |
| High-P | 10–15% |
5. Kuyenda kwa Njira
Kuyang'anira → Kuchotsa mafuta → Kutsuka kotentha → Kutsuka koyenda → Kusakaniza → Kutsuka → Kuyambitsa → Kutsuka → Kutsuka kwa DI → Kupaka kopanda ma electroless → Kubwezeretsa → Kutsuka kwa counterflow kwa magawo atatu → Kusuntha → Kutsuka kwa DI → Kuwumitsa → Kuyang'anira → Kupaka
6. Magawo Ofunikira a Njira
| Chizindikiro | Malo olamulira | Ndemanga |
| Kuchuluka kwa Ni²⁺ | 8–12 g/L | Zovomerezeka 9–10 g/L |
| Sodium hypophosphate | 25–35 g/L | Chiŵerengero cha molar ku Ni²⁺: 2.5–3.5:1 |
| Wothandizira kusakaniza (sodium citrate) | 30–40 g/L | Imakhazikitsa ma ayoni a nickel |
| Buffer (sodium acetate) | 15–25 g/L | Imasunga pH yokhazikika |
| pH mtengo | 4.5–5.5 (Pakati/pamwamba-P) | Kusinthidwa ndi ammonia kapena sodium carbonate |
| Kutentha | 85–90℃ | Zabwino kwambiri 88±1℃ |
| Kutsegula | 0.5–1.5 dm²/L | Kukweza kwambiri kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo katundu |
| Chiŵerengero cha ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa | 15–25 μm/h | Kuchepa kwa kusamba ndi ukalamba |
| Nthawi | Mphindi 15–60 | Kutengera makulidwe ofunikira |
| Kukwiya | Mpweya wamakina kapena wochepa mphamvu | Kusuntha kwa ntchito kapena kuzungulira kwa magazi kumalimbikitsidwa |
| Kusefera | Kusefa kosalekeza, 5–10 μm | Amachotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, amaletsa kuphulika kwa dzenje |
7. Mafotokozedwe a Zamalonda & Kutha Kuphimba
7.1 Kukula kwa Ntchito Yogwirira Ntchito
| Chinthu | Chizindikiro |
| Kukula kwakukulu | 1500×800×600 mm |
| Kukula kochepa | 5×5×5 mm |
| Kulemera kwakukulu | makilogalamu 200 |
| Kulemera kochepa | 1 g |
7.2 Kutha Kukhuthala kwa Kuphimba
| Mtundu | makulidwe osiyanasiyana | Ntchito yachizolowezi |
| Zigawo zolondola | 5–10 μm | Ulusi, ma valve cores, zigawo za hydraulic |
| Zigawo zokhazikika | 10–50 μm | Zigawo zonse zosagwira dzimbiri ndi kusowa kwa dzimbiri |
| Chophimba chokhuthala | 50–100 μm | Kukonza zobvala, malo owononga kwambiri |
Kufanana: ± 10% (zigawo zonse); ± 15% (mawonekedwe ovuta)
7.3 Katundu Wopaka
| Katundu | Monga momwe zilili | Yotenthedwa ndi kutentha (400℃ × 1h) | Ndemanga |
| Kuuma (HV) | ≥500 HV | ≥800 HV | Chithandizo cha kutentha chimawonjezera kuuma |
| Kumatira | ≤ Giredi 1 (GB/T 5270) | — | Palibe kutsekeka, palibe kuphulika |
| Mayeso opopera mchere (NSS, 5% NaCl, 35℃) | ≥maola 24 (Pakati pa P) ≥72 maola (High-P) | — | Pazofunikira za kasitomala |
| Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono | ≤1 mfundo/cm² | — | Kawirikawiri sizikhala ndi mabowo ≥25 μm |
| Kusakhazikika | 50–100 μΩ·cm | 30–60 μΩ·cm | — |
Kutentha: 400℃ ±10℃, ola limodzi, mpweya/ng'anjo zizizire.
8. Mphamvu Yopangira
| Chinthu | Kutha |
| Kuchuluka kwa thanki imodzi | 2–5 m³ |
| Kulemera kwa gulu | 500–1500 kg |
| Kuchuluka kwa tsiku ndi tsiku | Matani 3–8 |
| Kuchuluka kwa mwezi uliwonse | matani 80–200 |
Dziwani: Kuchuluka kwenikweni kumadalira mawonekedwe, makulidwe, ndi kukalamba kwa bafa.
9. Kuyang'anira Ubwino
9.1 Zinthu Zoyendera
| Chinthu | Njira | Kuchuluka kwa nthawi | Chofunikira chovomerezeka |
| Kukhuthala | XRF / microscope ya metallographic | ≥3 mapointi pa masewera aliwonse | Kujambula kokwanira; kukulitsa kwakukulu ≤10% |
| Kuuma | Kulimba kwa HV0.1 microhardness | Kamodzi pa kusinthana | ≥500 HV (yokutidwa ndi pulasitiki); ≥800 HV (HT) |
| Kumatira | Fayilo/kupindika/kudula mtanda+tepi | Chidutswa chimodzi pa gulu lililonse | Giredi ≤1, palibe kuchotsedwa |
| Maonekedwe | Zowoneka (kuwala kokhazikika) | 100% | Yowala mofanana; yopanda zilema |
| Kupopera mchere | NSS 5% NaCl, 35℃ | Pa gulu/kusintha kulikonse | Pakati pa P ≥24 h; High-P ≥72 h |
| Kuchuluka kwa phosphorous | EDS / mankhwala | Bafa latsopano la sabata iliyonse / latsopano | 1–5% / 5–10% / 10–15% |
9.2 Kugawa Mawonekedwe
| Giredi | Kufotokozera |
| Giredi A | Yowala/yowala pang'ono, yopanda zilema |
| Giredi B | Madontho a madzi/makoma a denga, palibe mabowo/kutuluka |
| Giredi C | Kusawoneka bwino/kusiyana pang'ono kwa mitundu, ntchito yake ndi yabwino |
| Kanani | Kugwetsa, kugwetsa, kuswa ma plating, kuwotcha, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mitundu |
10. Kuthetsa mavuto
| Vuto | Chifukwa chomwe chingakhalepo | Yankho |
| Kusagwira bwino ntchito | Kuchotsa mafuta/kusankha mafuta kosakwanira; kusayambitsa kokwanira | Konzani chithandizo chisanachitike; onjezerani kuyambika kwa ntchito |
| Kukwapula/kukhwima | Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasambira; pH yambiri imatuluka | Limbikitsani kusefa (5 μm); pH yotsika |
| Chophimba chofiirira/imvi | Ni²⁺/hypophosphate Yotsika; pH/tempre yotsika | Onjezani mankhwala; pH 4.8–5.2; kutentha kufika pa 88℃ |
| Dumphani ma plating | Kusakhazikika kwapafupi; mafuta otsala/okisidi | Sinthani kuyatsa; chepetsani mafuta |
| Kutsika kwa ndalama zosungira | Kutentha kochepa/Ni²⁺/chochepetsa; pH yochepa; bafa lokalamba | Tenthetsani mpaka 88–90℃; sinthani pH; sinthani bafa |
| Kuwonongeka kwa bafa | Kutentha kwambiri; pH yapamwamba; kuwonjezera mwachangu; kunyamula kochepa | Siyani kutentha; chepetsani pH; chepetsani kusamba |
11. Chitetezo
- • PPE: Magolovesi a asidi/alkali, magalasi a maso, epuloni, chopumira (ammonia/acid).
- • Kusungira mankhwala: Siyanitsani nickel sulfate, hypophosphite, acids, alkalis; kutali ndi zinthu zochepetsera kutentha/zochepetsa kutentha.
- • Zoletsa: Musasakanize conc. acid + hypophosphite (phosphine ya poizoni). Sungunulani zinthu zolimba m'madzi a DI kaye.
- • Mpweya wopumira: Utsi wotuluka m'malo omwe ali pamwamba pa matanki (kuchotsa haidrojeni).
- • Zadzidzidzi: Kutsuka m'maso, shawa, ufa wouma/chozimitsira moto cha CO₂, chopumira, zida zotayira madzi.
12. Kuteteza Zachilengedwe
- • Madzi Otayira: Madzi otayira ndi osiyana; pH 9–10 + PAC/PAM; Ni <0.5 mg/L.
- • Zinyalala zoopsa: Kusamba, zosefera, choyambitsa, Ni matope - kutaya kovomerezeka ndi manifest.
- • Mpweya woipa: Mpweya wopuma nthawi zonse; fufuzani ammonia/hayidrojeni pa GB 16297 iliyonse.
- • Mphamvu/madzi: Ikani chivundikiro m'matanki; tsukani madzi obwera chifukwa cha madzi; onjezerani madzi ochulukirapo.
13. Kapangidwe ka Bafa (Pakati pa Phosphorus, Ziwalo Zonse)
| Mankhwala | Kuganizira kwambiri | Ntchito |
| NiSO₄·6H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Mchere waukulu, gwero la Ni²⁺ |
| NaH₂PO₂·H₂O | 25–35 g/L | Wothandizira kuchepetsa, gwero la P |
| Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O | 30–40 g/L | Wothandizira kusokoneza |
| CH₃COONa·3H₂O | 15–25 g/L | chosungira pH |
| Lactic/propionic acid | 5–10 mL/L | Chofulumizitsa |
| Chokhazikika (thiourea) | 1–2 mg/L | Zimaletsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu |
Makongoletsedwe:
1. Sungunulani NiSO₄, citrate, acetate mu 1/3 DI madzi, 60℃.
2. Sungunulani hypophosphite + lactic acid mu 1/3 ina.
3. Sakanizani, mudzaze mpaka kuchuluka, pH 4.8–5.2.
4. Onjezani chokhazikika, kutentha kufika pa 88℃, fyuluta, mbale yoyesera.
14. Kutha kwa Zipangizo ndi Kuyang'anira
14.1 Zida Zazikulu
| Zipangizo | Kufotokozera |
| Thanki yopangira mbale | PP/PVC yophimbidwa, yotentha, komanso yowongolera kutentha |
| Kusefera | Pampu yolimba + nyumba yolimba yolimbana ndi asidi, 5–10 μm, 1–3×/h |
| Kulamulira kutentha | PID, ±1℃ |
| Uvuni wouma | Mpweya wotentha, 60–120℃ |
| Chotsukira cha akupanga | 40 kHz, mphamvu yosinthika |
| Madzi a DI | ≥10 MΩ·cm |
14.2 Zipangizo Zowunikira
| Zipangizo | Kulondola/Muyezo |
| Kukhuthala kwa XRF | 0–200 μm, ±0.1 μm |
| Kuuma pang'ono | 10–1000 gf, GB/T 4340.1 |
| Chipinda chopopera mchere | GB/T 10125, ≥200 L |
| Maikulosikopu ya Metallographic | 100–1000×, maikulomita |
| mita ya pH | ± 0.02, chipukuta misozi |
| Kulinganiza kwa kusanthula | 0.01 g |
15. Zolemba & Kutsata
- •Mbiri ya kupanga:Nambala ya gawo, kuchuluka, kutentha, pH, nthawi, makulidwe, wogwiritsa ntchito.
- •Chipika cha bafa:Ni²⁺ ya tsiku ndi tsiku, hypophosphite, pH; zowonjezera; kusefa/kuyeretsa.
- •Zolemba zowunikira:Kukhuthala, kuuma, kumamatira, mawonekedwe, kupopera mchere.
- •Kukonza:Kukonza, kukonza pampu, kuchotsa chiwongolero, kuyang'anira mafani (kotala lililonse).
Kusunga:Zaka ≥3 (≥zaka 10 za auto/zachipatala). Imatha kutsatiridwa ndi batch/bath cycle.
16. Zopereka Zowonjezera
- • Imawunikidwa chaka chilichonse ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaukadaulo.
- • Zofunikira zapadera za makasitomala (kupopera mchere, kuuma, kugawa, kuphulika kwa H) zalembedwa ndikutsatiridwa.
- • Zinthu zatsopano: Kuyesa pang'ono poyamba; kupanga zinthu zambiri mutapambana mayeso onse.
- • Kuwongolera kupanga ndi kuwunika makasitomala.
Mbiri Yokonzanso
| Rev | Tsiku | Zomwe zasinthidwa | Yavomerezedwa ndi |
| V1.0 | 2024-xx-xx | Kutulutsidwa koyamba | — |
| V2.0 | 2026-04-30 | Kusinthidwa kwathunthu kwa Chingerezi chokha | — |
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-18-2026