Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono, otchuka chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo kwapadera, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kapangidwe kosasunthika. Pokhala ndi aloyi yapadera yachitsulo, chromium, ndi zinthu zina monga nickel ndi molybdenum, mapaipi awa ali ndi mphamvu komanso moyo wautali.
Njira yopangira yopanda msoko imaphatikizapo kutulutsa zitsulo zolimba kuti zipange machubu opanda kanthu popanda zolumikizira zilizonse zolumikizidwa. Njira yomangira iyi imachotsa malo ofooka omwe angakhalepo ndikuwonjezera kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopanda msoko akhale odalirika kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Makhalidwe Ofunika:
Kukana Kudzikundikira:Kuphatikizidwa kwa chromium kumapanga gawo loteteza okosijeni, kuteteza mapaipi ku dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri ngakhale m'malo ovuta.
Magiredi Osiyanasiyana:Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda msoko amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga 304, 316, 321, ndi 347, iliyonse yopangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi ntchito zake zinazake chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe a makina.
Mapulogalamu Onse:Mapaipi awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mafuta ndi gasi, kukonza mankhwala, chakudya ndi zakumwa, mankhwala, magalimoto, ndi zomangamanga. Kusinthasintha kwawo ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumasonyeza kusinthasintha kwawo.
Kukula ndi Kumaliza:Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri opanda msoko amabwera m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana. Mapaipi amathanso kukhala ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana pamwamba, kuyambira opukutidwa mpaka opangidwa ndi mphero, kutengera zosowa za ntchito.
Kukhazikitsa ndi Kusamalira:Kapangidwe kosalala kameneka kamapangitsa kuti kuyika kukhale kosavuta pomwe kukana kwa mapaipi ku dzimbiri kumachepetsa kufunikira kokonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zochepa.
Kuyambira kutsogolera kunyamula mafuta ndi gasi mpaka kuthandizira kunyamula mankhwala mosamala komanso kusunga ukhondo wa mankhwala, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chopanda utoto amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza kwawo mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana zinthu zachilengedwe kumawapangitsa kukhala chuma chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wamakono ndi zomangamanga.
Mafotokozedwe
| ASTM A312/A312M:304, 304L, 310/S, 310H, 316, 316L, 321, 321H ndi zina zotero... |
| EN 10216-5: 1.4301, 1.4307, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4432, 1.4435, 1.4541, 1.4550 etc ... |
| DIN 17456: 1.4301, 1.4307, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4432, 1.4435, 1.4541, 1.4550 etc... |
| JIS G3459: SUS304TB, SUS304LTB, SUS316TB, SUS316LTB ndi zina zotero... |
| GB/T 14976: 06Cr19Ni10, 022Cr19Ni10, 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic:TP304, TP304L, TP304H, TP310S, TP316, TP316L, TP316H, TP316Ti, TP317, TP317L, TP321, TP321H, TP347, TP347H, TP347HFG N08904(904L), S30432, S31254, N08367, S30815... Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex:S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760, S32707, S32906... Aloyi wa faifi tambala:N04400, N06600, N06625, N08800, N08810(800H), N08825... Kagwiritsidwe:Mafuta, Mankhwala, Gasi wachilengedwe, Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mafakitale opanga zida zamakina. |
| NB | Kukula | OD mm | SCH40S mm | SCH5S mm | SCH10S mm | SCH10 mm | SCH20 mm | SCH40 mm | SCH60 mm | XS/80S mm | SCH80 mm | SCH100 mm | SCH120 mm | SCH140 mm | SCH160 mm | SCHXXS mm |
| 6 | 1/8” | 10.29 | 1.24 | 1.73 | 2.41 | |||||||||||
| 8 | 1/4” | 13.72 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 3.02 | |||||||||||
| 10 | 3/8” | 17.15 | 1.65 | 2.31 | 3.20 | |||||||||||
| 15 | 1/2” | 21.34 | 2.77 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.77 | 3.73 | 3.73 | 4.78 | 7.47 | ||||||
| 20 | 3/4” | 26.67 | 2.87 | 1.65 | 2.11 | 2.87 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 5.56 | 7.82 | ||||||
| 25 | 1” | 33.40 | 3.38 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.38 | 4.55 | 4.55 | 6.35 | 9.09 | ||||||
| 32 | 1 1/4” | 42.16 | 3.56 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.56 | 4.85 | 4.85 | 6.35 | 9.70 | ||||||
| 40 | 1 1/2” | 48.26 | 3.68 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 5.08 | 7.14 | 10.15 | ||||||
| 50 | 2” | 60.33 | 3.91 | 1.65 | 2.77 | 3.91 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 9.74 | 11.07 | ||||||
| 65 | 2 1/2” | 73.03 | 5.16 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.16 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 9.53 | 14.02 | ||||||
| 80 | 3” | 88.90 | 5.49 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.49 | 7.62 | 7.62 | 11.13 | 15.24 | ||||||
| 90 | 3 1/2” | 101.60 | 5.74 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 5.74 | 8.08 | 8.08 | ||||||||
| 100 | 4” | 114.30 | 6.02 | 2.11 | 3.05 | 6.02 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 11.12 | 13.49 | 17.12 | |||||
| 125 | 5” | 141.30 | 6.55 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 6.55 | 9.53 | 9.53 | 12.70 | 15.88 | 19.05 | |||||
| 150 | 6” | 168.27 | 7.11 | 2.77 | 3.40 | 7.11 | 10.97 | 10.97 | 14.27 | 18.26 | 21.95 | |||||
| 200 | 8” | 219.08 | 8.18 | 2.77 | 3.76 | 6.35 | 8.18 | 10.31 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 20.62 | 23.01 | 22.23 | |
| 250 | 10” | 273.05 | 9.27 | 3.40 | 4.19 | 6.35 | 9.27 | 12.70 | 12.70 | 15.09 | 19.26 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 25.40 | |
| 300 | 12” | 323.85 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.57 | 6.35 | 10.31 | 14.27 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 21.44 | 25.40 | 28.58 | 33.32 | 25.40 | |
| 350 | 14” | 355.60 | 9.53 | 3.96 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 11.13 | 15.09 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 23.83 | 27.79 | 31.75 | 35.71 | |
| 400 | 16” | 406.40 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 16.66 | 12.70 | 21.44 | 26.19 | 30.96 | 36.53 | 40.49 | |
| 450 | 18” | 457.20 | 9.53 | 4.19 | 4.78 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 14.27 | 19.05 | 12.70 | 23.83 | 29.36 | 34.93 | 39.67 | 45.24 | |
| 500 | 20” | 508.00 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 15.09 | 20.62 | 12.70 | 26.19 | 32.54 | 38.10 | 44.45 | 50.01 | |
| 550 | 22” | 558.80 | 9.53 | 4.78 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 22.23 | 12.70 | 28.58 | 34.93 | 41.28 | 47.63 | 53.98 | ||
| 600 | 24” | 609.60 | 9.53 | 5.54 | 6.35 | 6.35 | 9.53 | 17.48 | 24.61 | 12.70 | 30.96 | 38.89 | 46.02 | 52.37 | 59.54 | |
| 650 | 26” | 660.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
| 700 | 28” | 711.20 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||||
| 750 | 30” | 762.00 | 9.53 | 6.35 | 7.92 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 12.70 | ||||||||
| 800 | 32” | 812.80 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
| 850 | 34” | 863.60 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 17.48 | 12.70 | |||||||||
| 900 | 36” | 914.40 | 9.53 | 7.92 | 12.70 | 19.05 | 12.70 |
Standard & Giredi
| Muyezo | Magiredi a Zitsulo |
| ASTM A312/A312M: Mapaipi Opanda Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Opangidwa ndi Austenitic Opanda Msoko, Olumikizidwa, komanso Ozizira Kwambiri | 304, 304L, 310S, 310H, 316, 316L, 321, 321H ndi zina zotero... |
| ASTM A213: Boiler yachitsulo yopanda msoko ya ferritic ndi austenitic, superheater, ndi machubu osinthira kutentha | TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP321.TP347 ndi zina zotero... |
| ASTM A269: Machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chopanda msoko komanso cholumikizidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse | TP304, TP304L, TP316, TP316L, TP321.TP347 ndi zina zotero... |
| ASTM A789: Machubu osapanga dzimbiri a ferritic/austenitic osasoka komanso olumikizidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse | S31803 (Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex) S32205 (Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex) |
| ASTM A790: Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic/austenitic chopanda msoko komanso cholumikizidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito powononga zinthu, kutentha kwambiri, komanso mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. | S31803 (Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex) S32205 (Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex) |
| EN 10216-5: Muyezo wa ku Europe wa Machubu a Chitsulo Chopanda Msoko Pazolinga Zokakamiza | 1.4301, 1.4307, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4432, 1.4435, 1.4541, 1.4550 ndi zina zotero... |
| DIN 17456: Muyezo wa Chijeremani wa Chitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chozungulira Chopanda Msoko | 1.4301, 1.4307, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4432, 1.4435, 1.4541, 1.4550 ndi zina zotero... |
| JIS G3459: Muyezo wa Mafakitale aku Japan wa Mapaipi a Chitsulo Chosapanga Dzimbiri Olimbana ndi Kudzimbiri | SUS304TB, SUS304LTB, SUS316TB, SUS316LTB ndi zina zotero... |
| GB/T 14976: Muyezo Wadziko Lonse Wachi China Wa Mapaipi Achitsulo Chosapanga Chitsulo Chopanda Msoko Poyendera Madzi | 06Cr19Ni10, 022Cr19Ni10, 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic:TP304, TP304L, TP304H, TP310S, TP316, TP316L, TP316H, TP316Ti, TP317, TP317L, TP321, TP321H, TP347, TP347H, TP347HFG N08904(904L), S30432, S31254, N08367, S30815... Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex:S31803, S32205, S32750, S32760, S32707, S32906... Aloyi wa Nikeli:N04400, N06600, N06625, N08800, N08810(800H), N08825... Kagwiritsidwe: Mafuta, Mankhwala, Gasi lachilengedwe, Mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mafakitale opanga zida zamakina. | |
Njira Yopangira
Njira Yoyendetsera Moto (Chitoliro Chopanda Msoko Chosatuluka):
Chitoliro chozungulira cha chubu → Kutentha → kubowola → kuzunguliza katatu, kuzunguliza kosalekeza kapena kutulutsa → kuchotsa chubu → kukula (kapena kuchepetsa m'mimba mwake) → kuziziritsa → kuwongola → mayeso a hydraulic (Kapena kuzindikira zolakwika) → chizindikiro → malo osungira
Njira Yopangira Chitsulo Chopanda Msoko Chozizira (Chopindidwa) Njira:
Chitoliro chozungulira cha chubu→kutentha→kubowola→mutu→kunyowa→kusakaniza→kupopera mafuta (kuphimba mkuwa)→kujambula kozizira kopitilira muyeso (kuzungulira kozizira)→chitoliro→kuchiza kutentha→kuwongola→Kuyesa kwa Hydraulic (kuzindikira zolakwika)→Kulemba →Kusungira.
Kuwongolera Ubwino
Kuyang'ana Zinthu Zopangira, Kusanthula Mankhwala, Kuyesa kwa Makina, Kuyang'ana Zooneka, Kuyang'ana Miyeso, Kuyesa Kupindika, Kuyesa Kukhudza, Kuyesa Kudzimbidwa kwa Intergranular, Kuyesa Kosawononga (UT, MT, PT) Kuyesa Kuyaka ndi Kutsekereza, Kuyesa Kulimba, Kuyesa Kupanikizika, Kuyesa Kwazinthu za Ferrite, Kuyesa kwa Metallography, Kuyesa Kudzimbidwa, Kuyesa Kwa Eddy Current, Kuyesa Kupopera Mchere, Kuyesa Kukana Kudzimbidwa, Kuyesa Kugwedezeka, Kuyesa Kudzimbidwa kwa Pitting, Kuyang'anira Kupaka ndi Kuphimba, Kuwunika Zolemba…..
Kugwiritsa Ntchito & Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda zingwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu zambiri, komanso kuthekera kwawo kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Nazi zina mwa ntchito zazikulu za mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda zingwe:
Makampani Ogulitsa Mafuta ndi Gasi:Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza mafuta ndi gasi, mayendedwe, ndi kukonza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika zitsime, mapaipi, ndi zida zokonzera chifukwa cha kukana dzimbiri ku madzi ndi mpweya.
Makampani Opanga Mankhwala:Pokonza ndi kupanga mankhwala, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula ma acid, maziko, zosungunulira, ndi zinthu zina zowononga. Zimathandizira kuti makina a mapaipi akhale otetezeka komanso odalirika.
Makampani Opanga Mphamvu:Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda msoko amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mphamvu, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya nyukiliya, maselo amafuta, ndi mapulojekiti a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, pa mapaipi ndi zida.
Makampani Ogulitsa Zakudya ndi Zakumwa:Chifukwa cha ukhondo wawo komanso kukana dzimbiri, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapindika amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza chakudya ndi kupanga zakumwa, kuphatikizapo kutumiza zakumwa, mpweya, ndi zakudya.
Makampani Opanga Mankhwala:Pakupanga mankhwala ndi kupanga mankhwala, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula ndi kusamalira zosakaniza zamankhwala, kukwaniritsa ukhondo ndi miyezo yabwino.
Kupanga zombo:Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zombo pomanga zombo, mapaipi, ndi zida zotsukira madzi a m'nyanja, chifukwa cha kukana kwawo ku dzimbiri la m'nyanja.
Zomangamanga ndi Zipangizo Zomangira:Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mapaipi operekera madzi, machitidwe a HVAC, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera.
Makampani Ogulitsa Magalimoto:Mu gawo la magalimoto, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina otulutsa utsi chifukwa cha kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Migodi ndi Zachitsulo:M'migodi ndi m'magawo a zitsulo, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula miyala, matope, ndi mankhwala.
Mwachidule, mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda zingwe ndi osinthika ndipo amapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, kukulitsa kudalirika kwa zida, komanso kukulitsa nthawi yogwira ntchito. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri opanda zingwe okhala ndi zofunikira zinazake komanso zipangizo kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo zapadera.
Kulongedza ndi Kutumiza
Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amapakidwa ndi kutumizidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti ali otetezeka panthawi yoyenda. Nayi kufotokozera kwa njira yopakira ndi kutumiza:
Kupaka:
● Chophimba Choteteza: Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri amapakidwa mafuta kapena filimu yoteteza kuti asawonongeke komanso kuti asawonongeke pamwamba.
● Kulumikiza: Mapaipi ofanana kukula ndi zofunikira amalumikizidwa pamodzi mosamala. Amamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe, zingwe, kapena mabowo apulasitiki kuti asasunthike mkati mwa cholumikiziracho.
● Zipewa Zomaliza: Zipewa zapulasitiki kapena zachitsulo zimayikidwa kumapeto onse a mapaipi kuti zipereke chitetezo chowonjezera ku mapeto a mapaipi ndi ulusi.
● Kuphimba ndi Kuphimba: Zipangizo zophimba monga thovu, thovu lophimba, kapena khadibodi yozungulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza ndi kupewa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu panthawi yonyamula.
● Mabokosi kapena Mabokosi a Matabwa: Nthawi zina, mapaipi amatha kupakidwa m'mabokosi kapena mabokosi amatabwa kuti atetezedwe ku mphamvu zakunja ndi kugwiridwa.
Manyamulidwe:
● Njira Yoyendera: Mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera monga magalimoto akuluakulu, zombo, kapena katundu wa pandege, kutengera komwe akupita komanso momwe zinthu zikuyendera mwachangu.
● Kuyika mapaipi m'mabokosi otumizira katundu: Mapaipi amatha kuyikidwa m'mabokosi otumizira katundu kuti atsimikizire kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino komanso mwadongosolo. Izi zimathandizanso kuteteza ku nyengo ndi zinthu zina zodetsa.
● Zolemba ndi Zolemba: Phukusi lililonse lili ndi zilembo zofunika, kuphatikizapo zofunikira, kuchuluka, malangizo oyendetsera katundu, ndi tsatanetsatane wa komwe katunduyo akupita. Zikalata zotumizira katundu zimakonzedwa kuti ziloledwe ndi kutsatiridwa ndi kasitomu.
● Kutsatira Malamulo a Kasitomu: Pa kutumiza katundu kunja kwa dziko, zikalata zonse zofunikira za kasitomu zakonzedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti katunduyo wafika bwino pamalo omwe akupita.
● Kumangirira Kotetezeka: Mkati mwa galimoto yonyamulira katundu kapena chidebe, mapaipi amamangiriridwa bwino kuti asasunthike komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka panthawi yoyenda.
● Kutsata ndi Kuyang'anira: Njira zamakono zotsata zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ziyang'anire malo ndi momwe katunduyo alili nthawi yeniyeni.
● Inshuwalansi: Kutengera mtengo wa katundu, inshuwalansi yotumizira katundu ingapezeke kuti iphimbe kutayika kapena kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike panthawi yoyenda.
Mwachidule, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri omwe tidapanga adzapakidwa ndi njira zodzitetezera ndikutumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zodalirika zoyendera kuti atsimikizire kuti afika komwe akupita ali bwino. Njira zoyenera zopakira ndi kutumiza zimathandiza kuti mapaipi operekedwa akhale olimba komanso abwino.















