Chitoliro Chopanda Msoko cha SA-213 T91 / UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) Chopanda Msoko cha Metallurgical | Cholimba Chosagwedezeka + Chophimba Chapamwamba cha Alloy Chothandizira Kutentha Kwambiri & Ntchito Yothira Asidi - Chitsulo cha Womic

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Chitoliro chopanda msoko cholumikizidwa ndi zitsulo - core SA 213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) chokhala ndi mkati mwa UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563). Chopangidwa ndi kutentha kotentha, chomalizidwa kuzizira, chotenthedwa ndi kutentha, komanso choviikidwa mu viniga. Chopangidwira ma boiler superheaters ofunikira kwambiri, mayunitsi obwezeretsa kutentha m'mafakitale okhala ndi asidi, ma boiler a biomass okhala ndi chlorine yambiri, ndi ma heat exchanger a mankhwala otentha kwambiri komwe mphamvu zokwawa komanso kukana dzimbiri ndizofunikira.

Tumizani imelo kwa ife Zofotokozera Zamalonda

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Ma tag a Zamalonda

Zinthu Zapakati (Zothandizira)

Zinthu Zapakati (Zothandizira):SA-213 T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903) – chitsulo chosagwira ntchito ndi martensitic creep, 9%Cr, 1%Mo, V+Nb; kutentha kwakukulu kwa ntchito ndi 650°C

Chophimba (chophimba cha CRA):UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / 1.4563) – austenitic high alloy (27%Cr, 31%Ni, 3.5%Mo, 1%Cu); PREN 38-40; imakana sulfuric/phosphoric acid, ma chloride ambiri, malo owawasa

Kukula kwa Kukula:OD 38 – 168 mm; Kukhuthala kwa khoma lapakati 4 – 15 mm; Kukhuthala kwa cladding 2.0 – 3.5 mm; kutalika kwa single mpaka 15 m

Njira:Kutulutsa kotentha → kutsirizitsa kozizira → chithandizo cha kutentha (kubwezeretsa + kutentha kwa T91, kulowetsa yankho la Alloy 28) → kusakaniza. Kopanda msoko, kopanda kusungunula kwa longitudinal. Mphamvu yocheka ya bond ya Metallurgical ≥300 MPa.

Miyezo:Gawo lachiwiri la ASME Gawo A (SA-213/SA-213M), EN10216-2 (ya T91), ASTM SB-668 (N08028), EN10088-3 (1.4563), EN12952-2, ASTM E213, ISO 10893-10.

Kuyesa:100% hydrostatic, ultrasonic malinga ndi ASTM E213/ISO 10893-10, tensile (chipinda ndi kutentha kwakukulu), kuuma, kuphwanyika, komanso mayeso odzikundikira a corrosion pakati pa granules (ASTM A262 Practice E) oti muphimbe. EN 10204 Satifiketi ya Mtundu 3.1 (yosasankha ya Mtundu 3.2).

Mapulogalamu:Ma boiler otenthetsera/otenthetsera olemera kwambiri (650°C), ma boiler obwezeretsa kutentha m'mafakitale a sulfuric acid, ma boiler a biomass/waste-to-energy (chlorine corrosion), ma heat exchanger otentha kwambiri a ma hydrocarbons a chlorine, ma refinery heaters okhala ndi sulfure/chloride wambiri.

Chitsulo cha Womicimapereka chitoliro cha T91+Alloy 28 clad - yankho labwino kwambiri la kugwedezeka kwa kutentha kwambiri komanso dzimbiri lalikulu. Yatsimikiziridwa mu kupanga magetsi, mafakitale a asidi, komanso kutayika kwamphamvu kwambiri. Kutsata kwathunthu, kuyang'aniridwa ndi gulu lachitatu kwakonzeka. Lumikizanani nafe kuti mudziwe zambiri zaukadaulo ndi mtengo wa polojekiti.

1. N’chifukwa chiyani chitoliro cholimba cha SA-213 T91 + UNS N08028 (Alloy 28) chili ndi chitoliro cholimba?

1.1 Vuto

Zipangizo ziwiri padera sizingakwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito:

● T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1)Imapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yophulika kwa creep mpaka 650°C komanso kukana bwino okosijeni, koma kukana kwake dzimbiri m'malo okhala ndi acidic, chloride yambiri, kapena wowawasa kuli kochepa. Flue gas condensate (sulfuric/phosphoric acid) kapena process-side chlorides imaukira mwachangu T91.

●Aloyi Wolimba 28 (UNS N08028)imapereka kukana kwakukulu ku sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, ma chloride ambiri, komanso kusweka kwa dzimbiri. Komabe, ndi yokwera mtengo ndipo ilibe mphamvu yokwanira yogwiritsira ntchito boiler yamphamvu komanso yotentha kwambiri.

1.2 Yankho

●Chitoliro chophimbidwa ndi T91+Alloy 28Imalumikiza pakati pa T91 yokhuthala (yogwira ntchito yokakamiza ndi kukwawa) ndi wosanjikiza woonda (2-3.5 mm) wa Alloy 28 (yogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito yogwira ntchito). Chigwirizanocho ndi chachitsulo - palibe kugwa kwa liner, palibe dzimbiri la mng'alu. Zotsatira zake:

●T91 pachimakekuonetsetsa kuti ikutsatira ASME Section I / EN12952 pa kutentha kwa chitsulo mpaka 650°C.

● Chophimba cha Alloy 28Imalimbana ndi kuzizira kwa sulfuric acid, ma chloride ambiri, ndi ma organic acid, kuteteza chubucho mkati.

●Mtengondi yotsika ndi 40-60% kuposa chubu cholimba cha Alloy 28 chokhala ndi kupanikizika kofanana.

Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu:

●Gawo lomaliza la superheater / reheaterMa boiler oyaka moto wa malasha ofunikira kwambiri pomwe mpweya wotuluka m'mbali mwake umakhala ndi dzimbiri (chifukwa cha malasha ambiri a sulfure) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito T91 yokha.

●Ma boiler obwezeretsa kutentha kwa zinyalala (WHRB)pansi pa zomera za sulfuric acid - mpweyawo uli ndi SO₃, ndipo panthawi yoyambira, asidi amaundana pamwamba pa machubu.

●Ma boiler a biomass / zinyalala kukhala mphamvu– chlorine wambiri mu mafuta amachititsa dzimbiri kwambiri; Kuphimba kwa Alloy 28 kumbali ya moto (kapena mbali yamkati, kutengera kapangidwe kake) kumawonjezera moyo wa chubu kwambiri.

●Zosinthira kutentha kwambiripa njira za mankhwala zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma hydrocarbons a chlorine kapena ma hot acids.

1.3 Njira Yopangira

Kutulutsa madzi otentha + kutsirizitsa kozizira + kuchiza kutentha + kusakaniza. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti chubu chopanda msoko chopanda mipata yolumikizira, malo olephera kwambiri mu chitoliro cholumikizidwa ndi kutopa kwa kutentha.

2. Zofunika Zake - T91 Core & Alloy 28 Cladding

2.1 Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala (% potengera kulemera)

Chinthu	SA 213 T91 (Core)	UNS N08028 (Alloy 28 / Cladding)
Kaboni (C)	0.08 – 0.12	≤0.03
Silikoni (Si)	0.20 – 0.50	≤0.50
Manganese (Mn)	0.30 – 0.60	≤2.00
Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Sulfure (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Chromium (Cr)	8.0 – 9.5	26.0 – 28.0
Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85 – 1.05	3.0 – 4.0
Nikeli (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0 – 32.0
Mkuwa (Cu)	—	0.6 – 1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18 – 0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06 – 0.10	—
Nayitrogeni (N)	0.03 – 0.07	—
Chitsulo (Fe)	Kulinganiza	Kulinganiza

T91 ndi chitsulo cholimba chomwe sichimagwedezeka ndi martensitic; Alloy 28 ndi alloy yolimba kwambiri yokhala ndi Cr, Ni, Mo, ndi Cu yambiri - yomwe imapereka kukana kwakukulu ku ma acid ochepetsa ndi oxidizing, chloride pitting, ndi SSC.

2.2 Katundu wa Makina (Kutentha kwa Chipinda)

Katundu	T91 Core	Chophimba cha Aloyi 28
Mphamvu Yotulutsa (min, MPa)	415	220
Mphamvu Yokoka (min, MPa)	585	500
Kutalika (mphindi, %)	20	30
Kulimba (kwambiri)	250 HB	230 HB

2.3 Mphamvu Yokwera Kwambiri Yoyenda Pamwamba (T91 Core)

Kutentha (°C)	Mphamvu Yopasuka ya 100,000h (MPa)	Malire Ocheperako a 0.2% (MPa)
550	150	120
580	120	95
600	100	80
620	80	60
650	55	40

Alloy 28 si yonyamula katundu kutentha kwambiri; ntchito yake ndi kuteteza dzimbiri basi. Pakati pa T91 pamakhala katundu wamakina.

2.4 Kukana Kudzikundikira kwa Aloyi 28 Cladding

Zachilengedwe	Mulingo Wotsutsa
Sulfuric acid (kuchuluka kwa 0-80%, mpaka 80°C)	Zabwino kwambiri
Phosphoric acid (kuchuluka konse)	Zabwino kwambiri
Hydrochloric acid (kuchepetsa kutentha kwa chipinda)	Zabwino
Ma Chloride (kuika m'ming'alu / mng'alu)	PREN 38-40; kutentha kwakukulu kwa dzenje (CPT) ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + ma chloride (utumiki wowawasa)	Zabwino kwambiri; NACE MR0175 ikutsatira malamulo
Ma organic acids (acetic, formic, etc.)	Zabwino kwambiri

*Alloy 28 imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa 316L, 904L, komanso 254SMO m'mitundu yambiri ya asidi + chloride.*

2.5 Chiyanjano cha Bond

Katundu	Mtengo
Mtundu wa chikole	Zachitsulo (kufalikira)
Mphamvu yodula (kutulutsa)	≥300 MPa (imaonetsetsa kuti palibe kuchotsedwa kwa kutentha)
Malire a chilema chovomerezeka cha UT	Palibe kugawanika >50 mm; kugawanika konse <2% ya malo olumikizirana

2.6 Magawo Osiyanasiyana

OD (mm)	Kulemera kwapakati (mm)	Kulemera kwa cladding (mm)	Kutalika Kwambiri (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.2 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.2	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.5 – 3.5	15
114.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12
168.3	10.0 – 15.0	3.0 – 3.5	12

*OD yayikulu (mpaka 500 mm) ingatheke pogwiritsa ntchito hot roll bonding + JCOE; kukhudzana ndi kupezeka.*

3. Njira Yopangira - Kutentha Kwambiri, Kumaliza Kozizira, Kuchiza Kutentha, Kusankha Nsomba

Njira yopangirayi imayang'ana makamaka zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zochizira kutentha kwa martensitic T91 ndi austenitic Alloy 28.

Gawo	Kufotokozera	Malo Olamulira
1. Chogwirira cha gulu	T91 billet bored, Alloy 28 tube insert. Vacuum sealed (<10 Pa).	Ukhondo wa pamwamba; kukhazikika
2. Kutentha kotentha	1180-1220°C, chiŵerengero chochepetsera ≥8:1.	Kutentha, liwiro, mafuta odzola
3. Kuziziritsa mpweya	Pambuyo potulutsa mpweya, mpweya wa chubu umazizira (kusintha kwa martensitic kumayamba).	Kuzizira kwa mpweya
4. Kumaliza kozizira	Kujambula kozizira / kuyenda mozungulira mpaka pamlingo womaliza.	Ma pass angapo, intermediate anneal (fewetsani Alloy 28).
5. Chithandizo cha kutentha (chofunika kwambiri)	Kusinthasintha pa 1040-1060°C (mpweya kapena kuzizira mofulumira) + kutentha pa 760-780°C. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a T91 microstructure (tempered martensite). Nthawi yomweyo, Alloy 28 cladding imayikidwa mu yankho.	Mbiri ya ng'anjo, mayeso a kuuma
6. Kusankha	HNO₃+HF bath imachotsa oxide scale kuchokera ku T91 ndi Alloy 28.	Nthawi, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa asidi
7. Wongolani & dulani	Monga mwa kutalika komaliza.	Kuwongoka ≤1.5mm/m
8. NDT & hydro	Pa Gawo 4	Kutsata kwathunthu
9. Malizitsani kumaliza	Bevel / plain; mafuta osankha (Alloy 625 kapena Alloy 28 filler pankhope ya bevel).	Zofanana

Khalidwe labwino kwambiri:Chithandizo cha kutentha chimapanga maziko a T91 okhala ndi mphamvu yoyenera yokwera komanso chivundikiro cha Alloy 28 chokhala ndi kukana dzimbiri konse, zonse munthawi imodzi.

4. Kuyang'anira ndi Kuyesa - Kukwaniritsa Zofunikira za ASME, EN, ndi Makasitomala

Pa chitoliro cha T91+Alloy 28, timagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yokhwima, kuphatikizapo mayeso oyenerera ntchito yotentha kwambiri.

Mayeso	Muyezo	Chigawo	Kuvomereza
Kusanthula kwa mankhwala	OES	Kutentha kulikonse (pakati & cladding)	ASME SA-213 T91, ASTM SB-668
Ultrasonic (yogwira ntchito motalikirana ndi yolumikizana)	ASTM E213 + ISO 10893-10	100%	Palibe chilema chomwe chingakanidwe, umphumphu wa mgwirizano
Mayeso a Hydrostatic	ASME SA-450 / EN12952-2	Chubu chilichonse	Palibe kutayikira, kukulitsa kosatha kuli bwino
Kulimba (kutentha kwa chipinda)	ASME / EN	Pa kutentha kulikonse (pakati)	T91: YS≥415 MPa, TS≥585 MPa
Kutentha kwambiri	600°C (ngati mukufuna)	Pa kutentha kulikonse	Kunenedwa (osati zochepa)
Mayeso ophulika a creep	600°C kapena 650°C	Pa pempho lililonse	Zosankha; zolipiritsa padera
Kulimba (pakati & cladding)	HV10	Gulu	T91 ≤250 HV; Aloyi 28 ≤230 HV
Mayeso osalala	SA 450	Pa kutentha / kukula kwake	Palibe ming'alu pa 2/3 OD compression
Kutupa kwa intergranular	ASTM A262 Practice E (pa Alloy 28)	Pa gulu lililonse (ngati mukufuna)	Palibe kuukira pakati pa granular
PMI (XRF)	Kuzindikiritsa zinthu zabwino	Chubu chilichonse (ngati mukufuna)	Tsimikizani kalasi ya aloyi

Zolemba:EN 10204 Mtundu 3.1. Mtundu 3.2 wokhala ndi woyang'anira wachitatu (SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV etc.) ulipo.

5. Mapulogalamu Mwatsatanetsatane

5.1 Chotenthetsera Cholimba Kwambiri Chomaliza/ Chotenthetsera Cholimba Kwambiri

Vuto:Mpweya wotulutsa malasha wokhala ndi sulfure wambiri uli ndi SO₃ yomwe, ikayamba kugwira ntchito pang'ono kapena ikayamba kugwira ntchito, imasungunuka ngati sulfuric acid pamwamba pa machubu. T91 yokhazikika imawonongeka ndi maenje ndi kutayikira.
Yankho:Chitoliro cha T91+Alloy 28 chokhala ndi Alloy 28 mbali ya moto (kapena mkati ngati chili ndi ma pass awiri). Pakati pa T91 pamakhala mphamvu yokwera pa 600-620°C; Alloy 28 imalimbana ndi asidi. Mafakitale angapo amphamvu aku China ndi ku Europe agwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kameneka.

5.2 Boiler Yobwezeretsa Kutentha Kotayika mu Zomera za Sulfuric Acid

Njira:Mpweya wotentha (600°C, wokhala ndi SO₂, SO₃) umalowa mu boiler yotenthetsera zinyalala kuti upange nthunzi. Pa nthawi yotseka, SO₃ imasakanikirana ndi chinyezi kuti ipange asidi wokhuthala wa sulfuric, womwe umakhazikika pamachubu ozizira.
Yankho:Chophimba cha alloy 28 kumbali ya mpweya (OD) kapena ID kutengera kapangidwe kake. T91 imapereka kukana kofunikira kwa kukwawa. Kuphatikiza kumeneku tsopano ndi kofala m'mafakitale ambiri atsopano a sulfuric acid.

5.3 Zotenthetsera Zachilengedwe / Zotayira Mphamvu

Vuto:Zomera (udzu, matabwa, mafuta ochokera ku zinyalala) zimakhala ndi chlorine (KCl, NaCl). Pa kutentha kwa 500-600°C, mpweya wa chlorine ndi ma chloride zimawononga kwambiri zitsulo zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chloride ikhale yachitsulo komanso kutayika kwachitsulo mwachangu.
Yankho:Chophimba cha alloy 28 (high Ni, Mo, Cr) chimalimbana ndi kuukira kwa chlorine. T91 core imasunga kulimba kwa mphamvu ya boiler. Ogwira ntchito amanena kuti moyo wa chubu wawonjezeka kuchokera pa chaka chimodzi mpaka ziwiri mpaka zaka 6-8 mutasintha kugwiritsa ntchito machubu ophimba.

5.4 Zosinthira Kutentha Kwambiri kwa Ma Hydrocarbon Okhala ndi Chlorini

Chitsanzo:Mu mafakitale a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), mpweya wopangira umakhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zotchedwa chlorinated organics ndi HCl pa kutentha kwa 400-450°C. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhazikika (304L) chimalephera chifukwa cha kupondaponda ndi SCC. Chophimba cha alloy 28 chimapereka kukana kwabwino kwambiri. T91 core imapereka mphamvu yofunikira komanso kukana kukwawa.

6. Ubwino Woposa Mapangidwe Opikisana

Njira ina	Chifukwa Chake T91 + Alloy 28 Ndi Yabwino Kwambiri
Chubu cholimba cha T91	Imakhala pachiwopsezo cha asidi kuuma, kuphulika kwa dzenje, ndi kuukira kwa kloride. Imasinthidwa pafupipafupi.
Chitoliro cholimba cha Aloyi 28	Zokwera mtengo kwambiri; mphamvu yochepa yokolola imawonjezera khoma lolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo ndi kulemera kukhale kwakukulu.
T91 yokhala ndi weld overlay ya Alloy 28	Kuphimba ndi kokwera mtengo, kochedwa, komanso kovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mofanana pamachubu ang'onoang'ono; kusungunuka kwa alloy kumatha kuchitika. Kutulutsa kumapangitsa kuti cladding ikhale yofanana pamtengo wotsika.
Chitoliro chopangidwa ndi makina	Liner imagwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma boiler) - siziloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri.
Chitoliro chophimbidwa ndi aloyi 625	Alloy 625 ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa Alloy 28 ndipo ikhoza kugulitsidwa mopitirira muyeso m'malo ambiri okhala ndi asidi. Alloy 28 imapereka ndalama zabwino kwambiri zogwirira ntchito.

Kusunga ndalama:Poyerekeza ndi chitoliro cholimba cha Alloy 28 chokhala ndi mphamvu yofanana, chitoliro chophimbidwa cha T91+Alloy 28 chimachepetsa mtengo wa zinthu ndi50-60%(chifukwa T91 ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khoma likhale lopyapyala, ndipo aloyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyikapo chopyapyala chokha).

7. Chitsimikizo cha Ubwino ndi Kutsata

●Kutsata:Ma heats onse a T91 ndi Alloy 28 amalembedwa ndikusindikizidwa pa chubu chilichonse chomalizidwa. Zikalata zonse zoperekera (3.1) zimasungidwa.

● Kuwongolera njira:Kutentha kwa extrusion, liwiro la extrusion, ma chart a kutentha, magawo a pickling bath zonse zalembedwa.

● Kuyang'ana kwa munthu wina:Timathandizira kuchitira umboni kwa SGS, BV, DNV, TÜV, kapena ABS pagawo lililonse (kulandira zinthu, kutulutsa, NDT yomaliza). Zikalata za EN 10204 Type 3.2 zimaperekedwa moyenerera.

8. Kulongedza ndi Kutumiza

●Mkhalidwe wa pamwamba:Yoviikidwa mu poto ndi yopanda mafuta - yokonzeka kuyikidwa. Kupaka mafuta akunja sikofunikira.

●Chitetezo cha kumapeto:Zipewa zapulasitiki (zipewa zachitsulo zomwe zimapezeka pa mainchesi akuluakulu).

●Mtolo:Ma diameter ang'onoang'ono (<88.9 mm) m'ma hex bundles okhala ndi matabwa spacers. Ma diameter akuluakulu amaikidwa payokha.

●Chidebe:Zidebe za 20′ kapena 40′. Kwa kutalika >12m, tsegulani pamwamba kapena choyikapo chathyathyathya.

●Nthawi yotsogolera:Oda yoyamba imatenga milungu 16-20 (chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa aloyi yapadera). Bwerezani maoda milungu 12-14. Magulu oyesera (100 mpaka 200 m) akhoza kukhala achangu - funsani.

9. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (FAQ) - T91+Alloy 28 Clad Pipe

Q1: Kodi kutentha kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya chitoliro ichi chophimbidwa ndi kotani?
A: Chigawo chapakati cha T91 chimayesedwa kutentha kwa chitsulo mpaka650°C(1202°F) pa ASME Gawo I (mphamvu yolowera imalamulira). Chophimba cha Alloy 28 chimatha kupirira kutentha komweko, koma kukana kwake dzimbiri kungachepe kuposa 450°C ngati chilengedwe chikuwononga kwambiri. Pa ntchito zambiri za boiler (600-620°C), zonse ziwiri ndizovomerezeka.

Q2: Kodi Alloy 28 ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid wambiri?
A: Inde. Alloy 28 imalimbana bwino ndi sulfuric acid mpaka 80% ndipo kutentha mpaka 80°C. Mu zinyalala zotenthetsera, acid condensate nthawi zambiri imakhala 60-70% H₂SO₄ pansi pa 200°C - Alloy 28 imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Q3: Kodi tingasinthe zigawo - kuyika Alloy 28 pa OD ndi T91 pa ID?
A: Inde, ngati chiwopsezo cha dzimbiri chikuchokera kunja (monga mpweya wakunja). Tikhoza kupanga chitoliro chokhala ndi CRA wosanjikiza pa dayamita lakunja. Chonde tchulani komwe chikuyang'aniridwira malinga ndi dongosolo.

Q4: Kodi mumachita mayeso okakamiza kutentha kwambiri kapena oyambitsa kugwedezeka?
Yankho: Sitiziphatikiza nthawi zonse, koma tikhoza kukonza zitsanzo zazing'ono zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera mu chubu chotulutsidwa (chowononga) pamtengo wowonjezera. Pa mayeso a anthu ena omwe adawona kuti ndi owopsa, chonde lolani nthawi yowonjezera (masabata 4-6) ndi mtengo wake.

Q5: Ndi chitsulo chiti chodzaza chomwe chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera chitoliro cha T91+Alloy 28 clad?
A: Pa root pass (cladding to cladding), gwiritsani ntchito Alloy 625 (ERNiCrMo-3) kapena Alloy 59 filler. Pa finishing pass (core T91 to T91), gwiritsani ntchito filler yofanana ya T91 (E9015-B9 kapena yofanana nayo). Tikukulimbikitsani njira yolumikizira yoyenerera (WPS) pa field joint iliyonse; Womic ikhoza kupereka chitsanzo cha WPS ngati itapemphedwa.

Q6: Kodi chivundikiro cha Alloy 28 chikugwirizana ndi NACE MR0175 chifukwa cha ntchito yake yowawa?
A: Inde. Alloy 28 (UNS N08028) yalembedwa mu NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 kutentha mpaka 450°C m'malo opanda mpweya. Imalimbana ndi SSC ndi HIC. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamavuto a H₂S.

Q7: Kodi chitoliro chophimbidwa chilipo chokhala ndi malekezero opindika komanso CRA battering?
A: Inde. Ngodya yokhazikika ya bevel 30-35° yokhala ndi malo otsetsereka a 1.6 mm. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito wosanjikiza wa batala (Alloy 28 kapena Alloy 625) pamwamba pa bevel, pafupifupi 2-3 mm makulidwe, kuti tipewe kusungunuka kwa cladding panthawi yolumikiza munda.

Q8: Kodi makulidwe a makoma ndi OD yofanana ya machubu a boiler a biomass ndi otani?
A: OD wamba 51-76 mm, kulemera kwapakati 5-8 mm, cladding 2-2.5 mm. Chonde titumizireni uthenga wokhudza kukula kwanu.

Q9: Kodi kutenga mpweya kuchokera ku T91 kupita ku Alloy 28 panthawi yotulutsa mpweya ndi nkhani?
A: Ayi. Njira yotulutsira imapanga malo opapatiza kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 5-10 μm). Kapangidwe ka alloy 28 kamakhalabe mkati mwa zomwe zafotokozedwa; timatsimikizira ndi PMI. Chiwopsezo cha sensitization sichingatchulidwe.

Q10: Kodi mungapereke satifiketi ya EN 10204 Type 3.2 ya chitoliro chophimbidwachi?
A: Inde. Tikhoza kukonza zoti anthu ena aziyang'ana galimoto yanu ndi TÜV, BV, DNV, kapena SGS. Chonde onetsani nthawi yoyitanitsa.