Chitoliro Chokhala ndi Zitsulo cha Bimetal cha T91+Alloy 28 | Chitoliro Chosapindika Chosatentha + Chosagwira Dzimbiri – Chitsulo cha Womic Chithunzi Chowonetsedwa

Chitoliro Cholimba cha Bimetal cha T91+Alloy 28 | Chitoliro Chopanda Msoko Chosatentha + Chosagonjetsedwa ndi Dzimbiri - Chitsulo cha Womic

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Chitoliro chopanda msoko cha T91+Alloy 28 cholumikizidwa ndi zitsulo. T91 yakunja (X10CrMoVNb9-1) imapereka mphamvu yokwera mpaka 650°C; Alloy yamkati 28 (UNS N08028) imalimbana ndi ma chloride ambiri, sulfuric/phosphoric acid, komanso zinthu zowawa. Yopangidwa ndi centrifugal casting + hot extrusion - yopanda msoko, yopanda weld yotalika. Yabwino kwambiri pamachubu a superheater, ma waste heat boilers, ndi ma heat exchanger a mankhwala otentha kwambiri.

Tumizani imelo kwa ife Zofotokozera Zamalonda

Tsatanetsatane wa Zamalonda

Ma tag a Zamalonda

Kunja (Kumbuyo)

Kunja (Kumbuyo):T91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1 / 1.4903 / A213 T91) - chitsulo cholimba chomwe sichimagwedezeka ndi martensitic, chomwe chili ndi mphamvu yoposa 650°C

Chophimba chamkati (Chophimba):Aloyi 28 (UNS N08028 / 1.4563 / Sandvik 28) - mkulu Cr/Ni/Mo/Cu austenitic aloyi, PREN 38–40

Kukula kwa Kukula:OD 38mm – 168mm; Kukhuthala kwa khoma lakunja 4mm – 15mm; Kukhuthala kwa cladding 1.8mm – 3.5mm; Kutalika kumodzi mpaka 15m

Njira:Kuponya kwa Centrifugal + kutulutsa kotentha - mphamvu yocheka ya bond yachitsulo ≥300 MPa

Miyezo:ASTM A213 (T91), API 5LD (chitoliro chophimbidwa), NACE MR0175, PED 2014/68/EU

Mapulogalamu:Zotenthetsera/zotenthetsera zotentha kwambiri, mayunitsi obwezeretsa kutentha kotayidwa (zomera za sulfuric acid), zosinthira kutentha kotentha kwambiri kwa ma hydrocarbons a chlorine, zomera za biomass/zinyalala kukhala mphamvu

1. Chidule - Chifukwa Chake T91 + Alloy 28 Clad Pipe

Kutenthetsa kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa vuto: chinthu cholimba mokwanira kuti chipulumuke (monga T91) chimawononga mpweya woipa kapena mitsinje ya processing; alloy yolimbana ndi dzimbiri (monga Alloy 28) ilibe mphamvu yotentha kwambiri ndipo ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Chitoliro cha T91 + Aloyi 28 chophimbidwa ndi bimetalimathetsa izi mwa kulekanitsa ntchito:

lT91 yakunjaImayang'anizana ndi malo otentha kwambiri (monga mpweya wa flue pa 600-650°C) ndipo imapereka mphamvu yophulika kwa madzi.

lAloyi Wamkati 28Amasamalira madzi owononga (monga asidi condensate, ma chlorides) mkati mwake.

Kuphatikizana ndiwopanda msoko– palibe msoko wolukira wautali – chifukwa cha njira yopangira centrifugal + njira yotentha yotulutsira mpweya. Izi zimachotsa malo ofooka kwambiri omwe amapezeka m'mapaipi okulungidwa.

Makonzedwe achizolowezi pomwe T91+Alloy 28 imachita bwino kwambiri:

Kapangidwe	Mbali yakunja	Mbali yamkati	Chitsanzo
Chotenthetsera cha boiler	Mpweya wa flue (650°C, okosijeni)	Nthunzi (450 550°C, yoyera)	T91 imakana okosijeni wakunja; Aloyi 28 siikufunika? Kwenikweni mbali ya nthunzi siifunikira aloyi yapadera. Chitsanzo chabwino:Chosinthira kutentha komwe madzi owononga amalowa mkati– T91 kunja imatenga mpweya wotentha kwambiri; Alloy 28 mkati imalimbana ndi dzimbiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito koyenera nthawi zonse:Tulutsani mu chotenthetsera zinyalala pansi pa chomera cha sulfuric acid - mpweya wotentha (~500°C) SO₂/SO₃ kunja (zogwirira za T91 zimayandama), asidi wosungunuka amatha kusungunuka mkati panthawi yogwedezeka (Alloy 28 resists). Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito muma boiler a biomassKodi chlorine mu mpweya wotuluka madzi amayambitsa dzimbiri kutentha kwambiri - Alloy 28 imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyika mkati? Ndi bwino kuyika cladding kumbali ya moto. Koma kapangidwe kathu kamayika cladding mkati, kumbuyo kunja. Tiyeni tisinthe mawonekedwe: Chitoliro chotsekedwa chikhoza kulunjika mbali iliyonse. Womic imatha kupanga ndi CRA pa ID (ya dzimbiri lamkati) kapena pa OD (ya dzimbiri lakunja). T91+Alloy 28 nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa ndiAlloy 28 pa IDndi T91 pa OD.

Kuti zimveke bwino:T91 yakunja (OD) imapereka mphamvu ya kupanikizika ndi kukana kukwawa; Alloy 28 yamkati (ID) imakana dzimbiri kuchokera ku madzi opangidwa.Ngati dzimbiri lakunja ndilo vuto, tikhoza kusintha zigawozo.

2. Mafotokozedwe a Zinthu

2.1 Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala (Kawirikawiri, %)

Chinthu	T91 (Yakunja)	Aloyi 28 (Yamkati)
Kaboni (C)	0.08–0.12	≤0.03
Silikoni (Si)	0.20–0.50	≤0.50
Manganese (Mn)	0.30–0.60	≤2.00
Phosphorus (P)	≤0.020	≤0.030
Sulfure (S)	≤0.010	≤0.015
Chromium (Cr)	8.0–9.5	26.0–28.0
Nikeli (Ni)	≤0.40	29.0–32.0
Molybdenum (Mo)	0.85–1.05	3.0–4.0
Mkuwa (Cu)	—	0.6–1.4
Vanadium (V)	0.18–0.25	—
Niobium (Nb)	0.06–0.10	—
Nayitrogeni (N)	0.03–0.07	—

2.2 Katundu wa Makina (Kutentha kwa Chipinda)

Katundu	T91	Aloyi 28
Mphamvu Yotulutsa (min, MPa)	415	220
Mphamvu Yokoka (min, MPa)	585	500
Kutalika (mphindi, %)	20	30
Kulimba (kwapamwamba, HB)	250	230

2.3 Mphamvu Yotentha Kwambiri (T91)

Kutentha (°C)	Mphamvu Yopasuka ya 100,000h (MPa)	Mphamvu Yotulutsa (MPa)
550	150	320
600	100	280
620	80	260
650	50	220

Aloyi 28 ndi yocheperako pa ~450°C mu ntchito yowononga koma imatha kupirira kutentha kwapamwamba kwachitsulo ngakhale itakhala yopanda kuwononga.

2.4 Kukana Kudzimbiri (Aloyi 28)

Zachilengedwe	Kukana
Sulfuric acid (zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake)	Yabwino kwambiri mpaka 80°C
Asidi ya phosphoric	Zabwino kwambiri
Ma Chloride (kuika m'ming'alu / mng'alu)	PREN 38-40, CPT ~50°C
H₂S + CO₂ + ma chloride	Zabwino kwambiri (ntchito yosasangalatsa)
Ma asidi achilengedwe	Zabwino kwambiri

Alloy 28 imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa 316L ndi 904L m'malo okhala ndi chloride + acid yambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi Alloy 825.

3. Njira Yopangira - Kuponya Kopanda Msoko wa Centrifugal + Extrusion

Gawo	Kufotokozera
1. Kuponyera kwa chubu cha Alloy 28 centrifugal	Kusungunuka kwa alloy 28 kumaponyedwa mu chubu chopanda makoma okhuthala.
2. Ikani & sonkhanitsani	Chopanda kanthu cha Alloy 28 chimayikidwa mu billet yachitsulo ya T91 (yokonzedwa kale kuti igwirizane).
3. Kutentha kotentha	Chogwirira cha composite chimatenthedwa kufika pa 1150-1200°C ndipo chimatulutsidwa kudzera mu die. Chiŵerengero chachikulu chochepetsera (≥8:1) chimapanga mgwirizano wa zitsulo pamalo olumikizirana. Kutulutsa kumakonzanso kapangidwe ka tirigu.
4. Kujambula kozizira / kunyamula katundu (ngati mukufuna)	Kuti zikhale zolimba kapena zocheperako, njira zambiri zozizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi intermediate annealing.
5. Kuchiza kutentha	Kusinthasintha (1050°C) + kutentha (760°C) kwa T91; Alloy 28 ndi yankho lomwe limayikidwa munthawi yomweyo.
6. Kuwongola ndi kumaliza	Kuwongola bwino, kudula molingana ndi kutalika, kupendekera kumapeto.
7. NDT ndi mayeso	Onani Gawo 4.

4. Kuwongolera Ubwino ndi Kuyesa

Mayeso	Njira	Chigawo	Kuvomereza
Kusanthula kwa mankhwala	OES	Kutentha kulikonse (zigawo zonse ziwiri)	Pazinthu zonse
Bond UT	Thupi lonse, lotalika + loduladula	Chubu chotulutsidwa 100%	Palibe kugawanika >50mm
Kulimba @ RT	Chitsanzo cha kutalika	Pa gulu lililonse	Kukwaniritsa zofunikira
Kutentha kokwera	600°C (ngati mukufuna)	Pa pempho lililonse	Zanenedwa
Kuphulika kwa mphutsi	600°C / 650°C (ngati mukufuna)	Pa pempho lililonse	Zanenedwa
Mayeso osalala	Pa ASTM A1016	Gawo lililonse	Palibe ming'alu
Mayeso a Hydrostatic	Kupanikizika kwa kapangidwe ka 1.5 ×	Chubu chilichonse	Palibe kutayikira
Kuyang'anira miyeso	Ma micrometer / laser	100%	OD, WT, kutalika
Kutupa kwa intergranular	ASTM A262 Practice E (pa Alloy 28)	Pa pempho lililonse	Palibe kuukira

Zolemba:EN 10204 Mtundu 3.1 (wokhazikika) kapena Mtundu 3.2 (mboni ya chipani chachitatu).

5. Magawo Osiyanasiyana

OD (mm)	Kumbuyo (T91) WT (mm)	Kuphimba (Aloyi 28) Kulemera (mm)	Kutalika Kwambiri (m)
38.1	4.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
44.5	5.0 – 8.0	1.8 – 2.5	15
51.0	5.0 – 10.0	2.0 – 2.8	15
63.5	5.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
76.2	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
88.9	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
101.6	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	15
114.3	6.0 – 12.0	2.0 – 3.0	12
141.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.2 – 3.5	12
168.3	8.0 – 15.0	2.5 – 3.5	12

OD yayikulu ingatheke kudzera mu hot roll bonding (welded seam) - funsani kuti mudziwe zambiri.

6. Mapulogalamu Odziwika

● Machubu otenthetsera/otenthetsera olemera kwambiri a boiler- pamene kutentha kwa mbali ya mpweya wofewa kumapitirira 600°C ndipo mbali ya nthunzi kapena malo amkati amafunika chitetezo cha dzimbiri.

●Ma boiler obwezeretsa kutentha m'mafakitale a sulfuric acid– mpweya wotentha wa SO₂/SO₃ kunja, chiopsezo chofooka cha asidi mkati. T91 imapereka mphamvu yokwera; Alloy 28 imakana kuukira kwa asidi.

●Zosinthira kutentha kwambiri kwa ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi chlorine– madzi amkati amakhala ndi ma chloride ndi ma organic acids mpaka 400°C; Alloy 28 imaletsa kuphulika kwa zinyalala ndi SCC.

●Zamoyo / zinyalala ku zomera zamagetsi– mpweya wa flue uli ndi chlorine ndi mchere wa alkali; chubu chophimbidwa ndi T91+Alloy 28 (chokhala ndi Alloy 28 kumbali ya moto) chimawonjezera moyo wa chubucho.

●Zoziziritsira za Hydrogen reformer / syngas- ntchito komwe kutentha kwambiri komanso dzimbiri chifukwa cha zinthu zodetsa.

7. Chifukwa Chake Womic Steel ya T91 + Alloy 28

●Kapangidwe kopanda msoko- palibe msoko wotchingira wautali, zomwe zimachotsa malo olephera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kutentha kwambiri.

● Njira yodziwika bwino yotulutsira madzi– Tili ndi luso lopanga machubu ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi khoma lopyapyala kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa boiler ndi heat exchanger.

● U-bend luso- Kupinda kozizira ndi chithandizo cha kutentha; kungapereke zinthu zopangidwa mokwanira za superheater.

● Kutsatira kwathunthu- Chubu chilichonse cholembedwa ndi manambala a kutentha a T91 ndi Alloy 28.

● Chitsimikizo– EN 10204 Mtundu 3.2 ulipo; ukhoza kugwira ntchito ndi TÜV, BV, kapena DNV kuti utsatire malamulo a boiler.

8. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Q: Kodi T91+Alloy 28 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popereka mphamvu ya hydrogen?
A: T91 imakhudzidwa ndi hydrogen embrittle ikatentha kwambiri. Pa ntchito ya hydrogen, tikupangira chitsulo chopanda alloy + 316L kapena Inconel 625 clad. Lumikizanani nafe kuti mudziwe malangizo enaake.

Q: Kodi chivundikiro cha Alloy 28 chimakhala pa ID nthawi zonse?
A: Kapangidwe kathu kokhazikika ndi Alloy 28 pa ID (mbali yamadzimadzi). Pa ntchito zomwe dzimbiri lakunja ndilofunika (monga mpweya wotentha kwambiri wa flue kunja), titha kupanga chubu chophimbidwa ndi Alloy 28 pa OD. Chonde tchulani komwe ikuyendera mukayitanitsa.

Q: Kodi makulidwe ocheperako a cladding kuti chigwirizano chodalirika ndi otani?
A: Pa kutulutsa kosatayana, 1.5mm ndiye chocheperako chovomerezeka. Pakulola dzimbiri lolemera, tikupangira ≥2.0mm.

Q: Kodi mungapereke ma U-bends?
A: Inde. Timapinda mozizira ndi mandrel, kutsatiridwa ndi kutentha kwathunthu (kuchepetsa kupsinjika kapena kusinthasintha + kutentha) ndi 100% NDT ya gawo lopindika.

Q: Kodi Alloy 28 ikufanana bwanji ndi Incoloy 825?
A: Alloy 28 ili ndi Cr ndi Ni yapamwamba, Mo yotsika pang'ono, ndipo ili ndi Cu. Ndi yofanana kwambiri pakulimbana ndi dzimbiri. Alloy 28 nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika mtengo ku Europe; Incoloy 825 imapezeka kwambiri m'mapulojekiti a US spec. Zonsezi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito yofanana ya acidic/chloride. Timapereka chilichonse mwa izi ngati titapempha.